{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:04:15Z","timestamp":1782493455584,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000}}],"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["642095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["642095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["812969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["812969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["847507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["210879364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210879364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Balance of the Microverse Cluster","award":["390713860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390713860"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["434385622 \/ GR 5617\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434385622 \/ GR 5617\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001704","name":"european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The opportunistic pathogen <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic> is the second most frequent causative agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a disease that affects 70\u201375% of women at least once during their life. However, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> is almost avirulent in mice and normally incapable of inflicting damage to vaginal epithelial cells <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. We thus proposed that host factors present <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> may influence <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity. We, therefore, analyzed the impact of albumin, one of the most abundant proteins of the vaginal fluid. The presence of human, but not murine, albumin dramatically increased the potential of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> to damage vaginal epithelial cells. This effect depended on macropinocytosis-mediated epithelial uptake of albumin and subsequent proteolytic processing. The enhanced pathogenicity of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> can be explained by a combination of beneficial effects for the fungus, which includes an increased access to iron, accelerated growth, and increased adhesion. Screening of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> deletion mutants revealed that Hap5, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, is essential for the albumin-augmented damage potential. The albumin-augmented pathogenicity was reversed by the addition of iron chelators and a similar increase in pathogenicity was shown by increasing the iron availability, confirming a key role of iron. Accelerated growth not only led to higher cell numbers, but also to increased fungal metabolic activity and oxidative stress resistance. Finally, the albumin-driven enhanced damage potential was associated with the expression of distinct <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> virulence genes. Transcriptional responses of the epithelial cells suggested an unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-stress responses combined with glucose starvation induced by fast growing <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> cells as potential mechanisms by which cytotoxicity is mediated.Collectively, we demonstrate that albumin augments the pathogenic potential of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> during interaction with vaginal epithelial cells. This suggests a role for albumin as a key player in the pathogenesis of VVC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T17:57:40Z","timestamp":1635443860000},"page":"e1010037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Human albumin enhances the pathogenic potential of Candida glabrata on vaginal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-9634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marina","family":"Pekmezovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-6360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ann-Kristin","family":"Kaune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1048-5983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophie","family":"Austermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3582-2544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophia U. J.","family":"Hitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-0068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Selene","family":"Mogavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-8505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hrant","family":"Hovhannisyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-1735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toni","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Gresnigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6028-0425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","author":"JD Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref002","first-page":"19","article-title":"Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: Incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes","author":"J Yano","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80001-X","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations","volume":"178","author":"JD Sobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref004","article-title":"An update on the roles of non-albicans candida species in vulvovaginitis","author":"O Makanjuola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref005","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia","author":"R Reyes-Montes M del","year":"2017"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref006","first-page":"22","article-title":"Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from patients with vulvovaginitis in Tehran, Iran","author":"S Sharifynia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"028","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.129087","article-title":"Changing Trends of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis","volume":"6","author":"D Vijaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory Physicians"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01244-09","article-title":"Candida glabrata persistence in mice does not depend on host immunosuppression and is unaffected by fungal amino acid auxotrophy","volume":"78","author":"ID Jacobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref009","article-title":"Candida pathogens induce protective mitochondria-associated type I interferon signalling and a damage-driven response in vaginal epithelial cells","author":"M Pekmezovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0700899","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluids","volume":"6","author":"LJ Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Proteome Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00299","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of serum albumin more than just a serum protein","volume":"5","author":"AM Merlot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.122345","article-title":"Salivary albumin and other constituents and their relation to oral and general health in the elderly","volume":"94","author":"JH Meurman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2001.300908.x","article-title":"Salivary albumin, total protein, IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations and occurrence of some periodontopathogens in HIV-infected patients: A 2-year follow-up study","volume":"30","author":"L Mellanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.143","article-title":"Serum albumin forms a lactoferrin-like soluble iron-binding complex in presence of hydrogen carbonate ions","volume":"145","author":"HM Ueno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0604","article-title":"Caveolae-mediated endocytosis is critical for albumin cellular uptake and response to albumin-bound chemotherapy","volume":"77","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.148171","article-title":"Binding of albumin promotes bacterial survival at the epithelial surface","volume":"286","author":"A Egesten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1417-5","article-title":"Effect of Host Human Products on Natural Transformation in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"76","author":"B Quinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref018","first-page":"85","article-title":"Albumin inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing and alters polymicrobial interactions","author":"AC Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref019","first-page":"2969","article-title":"Human Serum Albumin Binds Streptolysin O (SLO) Toxin Produced by Group A Streptococcus and Inhibits Its Cytotoxic and Hemolytic Effects","author":"GM Vita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref020","article-title":"Albumin Neutralizes Hydrophobic Toxins and Modulates Candida albicans Pathogenicity","author":"S Austermeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00607-20","article-title":"Human serum albumin facilitates heme-iron utilization by fungi","volume":"11","author":"M Pinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref022","article-title":"Adhesins in candida glabrata","author":"B Timmermans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi. MDPI AG"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-011-9446-2","article-title":"Identification and Differential Gene Expression of Adhesin-Like Wall Proteins in Candida glabrata Biofilms","volume":"172","author":"EA Kraneveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref024","first-page":"12","article-title":"Raghunandanan M v., Ramachandran S. FungalRV: Adhesin prediction and immunoinformatics portal for human fungal pathogens","author":"R Chaudhuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611195104","article-title":"A family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aspartyl proteases is required for virulence of Candida glabrata","volume":"104","author":"R Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0174-3031(83)80013-4","article-title":"Secretion of acid proteinases by different species of the genus Candida","volume":"255","author":"R Ruchel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 1 Abt Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref027","article-title":"Albumin binding ligands and albumin conjugate uptake by cancer cells","author":"E Frei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-8-2599","article-title":"Protective role of trehalose during severe oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide and the adaptive oxidative stress response in Candida albicans","volume":"148","author":"FJ Alvarez-Peral","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref029","first-page":"10","article-title":"Systematic Phenotyping of a Large-Scale Candida glabrata Deletion Collection Reveals Novel Antifungal Tolerance Genes","author":"T Schwarzm\u00fcller","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref030","first-page":"1041","volume-title":"Microbiology (United Kingdom)","author":"F Devaux","year":"2019"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03750-5","article-title":"The CCAAT-Binding Complex Controls Respiratory Gene Expression and Iron Homeostasis in Candida Glabrata","volume":"7","author":"A Thi\u00e9baut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref032","first-page":"8","article-title":"The fungal pathogen Candida glabrata does not depend on surface ferric reductases for iron acquisition","author":"F Gerwien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref033","first-page":"10","article-title":"A Relay Network of Extracellular Heme-Binding Proteins Drives C. albicans Iron Acquisition from Hemoglobin","author":"G Kuznets","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref034","first-page":"3147","volume-title":"Frontiers in Immunology","author":"JA Choi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M091967","article-title":"StarD5: An ER stress protein regulates plasma membrane and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"60","author":"D Rodriguez-Agudo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref036","first-page":"971","volume-title":"APMIS","author":"LH Vorland","year":"1999"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.87","article-title":"IL-1a released from damaged epithelial cells is sufficient and essential to trigger inflammatory responses in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"MI Suwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0707-778","article-title":"IL-1\u03b1 responds to necrotic cell death. Nature Medicine","author":"KB Elkon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8194","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8194","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Critical Role for Mesothelial Cells in Necrosis-Induced Inflammation through the Recognition of IL-1\u03b1 Released from Dying Cells","volume":"181","author":"T Eigenbrod","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.02.018","article-title":"The epithelial danger signal IL-1\u03b1 is a potent activator of fibroblasts and reactivator of intestinal inflammation","volume":"185","author":"M Scarpa","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref041","first-page":"19","article-title":"Anti-Candida activity of beneficial vaginal lactobacilli in in vitro assays and in a murine experimental model","author":"PR De Gregorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS yeast research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74027-7","article-title":"Identification of sulfur components enhancing the anti-Candida effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35","volume":"10","author":"C Dausset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09675-2","article-title":"Novel Potential Probiotic Lactobacilli for Prevention and Treatment of Vulvovaginal Infections","volume":"13","author":"M Kumherov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref044","first-page":"12","article-title":"Keeping Candida commensal: How lactobacilli antagonize pathogenicity of Candida albicans in an in vitro gut model","author":"K Graf","year":"2019","journal-title":"DMM Disease Models and Mechanisms"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2013.05.2650","article-title":"Genital mycotic infections in patients with diabetes","volume":"125","author":"P Nyirjesy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postgraduate medicine"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref046","first-page":"147969","article-title":"A Murine Model of Candida glabrata Vaginitis Shows No Evidence of an Inflammatory Immunopathogenic Response","volume":"11","author":"EE Nash","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref047","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","author":"EM de Leon","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref048","first-page":"9","article-title":"Candida albicans-induced epithelial damage mediates translocation through intestinal barriers","author":"S Allert","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref049","first-page":"6","article-title":"From attachment to damage: Defined genes of Candida albicans mediate adhesion, invasion and damage during interaction with oral epithelial cells","author":"B W\u00e4chtler","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17625","article-title":"Candidalysin is a fungal peptide toxin critical for mucosal infection","volume":"532","author":"DL Moyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.DMPK-11-RG-127","article-title":"Endocytic uptake of FITC-albumin by human alveolar epithelial cell line A549","volume":"27","author":"R Yumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(98)00117-2","article-title":"Liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometric mapping of peptides from human plasma filtrate","volume":"10","author":"M Raida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24103","article-title":"Bile proteomic profiles differentiate cholangiocarcinoma from primary sclerosing cholangitis and choledocholithiasis","volume":"53","author":"TO Lankisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.000877","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics and metabolomics analysis of normal human cerebrospinal fluid samples","volume":"9","author":"MP Stoop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Proteomics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200400208","article-title":"Pilot study of capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry as a tool to define potential prostate cancer biomarkers in urine","volume":"26","author":"D Theodorescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.03.061","article-title":"Discovery and Characterization of an Endogenous CXCR4 Antagonist","volume":"11","author":"O Zirafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500380871","article-title":"Hemoglobin and heme scavenging","volume":"57","author":"P Ascenzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Life)"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref058","first-page":"3503","volume-title":"Infection and Immunity","author":"NL Parrow","year":"2013"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00185","article-title":"Iron at the Centre of Candida albicans Interactions","volume":"0","author":"R Fourie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00227-20","article-title":"Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus Candida parapsilosis","volume":"5","author":"T Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041242","article-title":"Siderophore Biosynthesis But Not Reductive Iron Assimilation Is Essential for Aspergillus fumigatus Virulence","volume":"200","author":"M Schrettl","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030128","article-title":"Distinct Roles for Intra- and Extracellular Siderophores during Aspergillus fumigatus Infection","volume":"3","author":"M Schrettl","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12232","article-title":"Host-iron assimilation: pathogenesis and novel therapies of mucormycosis","volume":"57","author":"AS Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.023","article-title":"Type I Interferon Response Dysregulates Host Iron Homeostasis and Enhances Candida glabrata Infection","volume":"27","author":"M Riedelberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref065","first-page":"945","article-title":"Human serum albumin and its relation with oxidative stress","author":"ME Sitar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Laboratory"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref066","first-page":"1783","volume-title":"FEBS Letters","author":"M Roche","year":"2008"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.015","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile Senses and Hijacks Host Heme for Incorporation into an Oxidative Stress Defense System","volume":"28","author":"RJ Knippel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host and Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(03)00027-2","article-title":"Bhagavan N v. Human serum albumin and its structural variants mediate cholesterol efflux from cultured endothelial cells","volume":"1640","author":"JS Ha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta\u2014Molecular Cell Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12189","article-title":"The Candida glabrata sterol scavenging mechanism, mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter Aus1p, is regulated by iron limitation","volume":"88","author":"M Nagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.03.001","article-title":"Sterol uptake in Candida glabrata: Rescue of sterol auxotrophic strains","volume":"52","author":"M Bard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-188","article-title":"Isolation of cholesterol-dependent, multidrug-resistant Candida glabrata strains from blood cultures of a candidemia patient in Kuwait","volume":"14","author":"Z Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.661","article-title":"Lipid transfer from human epithelial cells to Pneumocystis carinii in vitro","volume":"175","author":"ST Furlong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1994.tb05938.x","article-title":"Evidence for the Presence of \u201cMetabolic Sterols\u201d in Pneumocystis: Identification and Initial Characterization of Pneumocystis carinii Sterols","volume":"41","author":"ES Kaneshiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12374","article-title":"Compositional and immunobiological analyses of extracellular vesicles released by Candida albicans","volume":"17","author":"G Vargas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellular Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref075","first-page":"9","article-title":"A genome-wide screen of deletion mutants in the filamentous Saccharomyces cerevisiae background identifies ergosterol as a direct trigger of macrophage pyroptosis","author":"K Koselny","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12091","article-title":"Two unlike cousins: Candida albicans and C.glabrata infection strategies. Cellular Microbiology","author":"S Brunke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref077","first-page":"880","volume-title":"EMBO Reports","author":"E Szegezdi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref078","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","author":"TG Lewy","year":"2017"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref079","first-page":"215","volume-title":"International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology","author":"R Bravo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref080","first-page":"3083","volume-title":"Frontiers in Immunology","author":"H Hu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.019","article-title":"Glucose Homeostasis Is Important for Immune Cell Viability during Candida Challenge and Host Survival of Systemic Fungal Infection","volume":"27","author":"TM Tucey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell metabolism"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref082","first-page":"6","article-title":"Budanov A v. Sestrin2 is induced by glucose starvation via the unfolded protein response and protects cells from non-canonical necroptotic cell death","author":"B Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.2.546-552.2004","article-title":"Inactivation of Transcription Factor Gene ACE2 in the Fungal Pathogen Candida glabrata Results in Hypervirulence","volume":"3","author":"M Kamran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.081828","article-title":"Cross-species Binding Analyses of Mouse and Human Neonatal Fc Receptor Show Dramatic Differences in Immunoglobulin G and Albumin Binding","volume":"285","author":"JT Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-0167-2.50033-9","volume-title":"Abnormalities of Plasma Proteins. Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice","author":"JT Whicher","year":"1994"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12138","article-title":"Macropinocytosis of protein is an amino acid supply route in Ras-transformed cells","volume":"497","author":"C Commisso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712726114","article-title":"Critical role for PI3-kinase in regulating the use of proteins as an amino acid source","volume":"114","author":"W Palm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000128969.86268.C0","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation acutely increases albumin fractional synthetic rate in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"LB Pupim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345990780040601","article-title":"Natural Defenses against Candida Colonization Breakdown in the Oral Cavities of the Elderly","volume":"78","author":"SR Lockhart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00268-6","article-title":"Albumin in vaginal fluid is a marker of infection in early pregnancy","volume":"83","author":"I Vogel","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328721","article-title":"Isolation of the Candida albicans gene for orotidine-5\u2032-phosphate decarboxylase by complementation of S. cerevisiae ura3 and E. coli pyrF mutations","volume":"198","author":"AM Gillum","year":"1984","journal-title":"MGG Molecular & General Genetics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-204-5_10","article-title":"Human Epithelial Model Systems for the Study of Candida infections In Vitro: Part II. Histologic Methods for Studying Fungal Invasion","author":"R Hernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ)"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.474","article-title":"Models of oral and vaginal candidiasis based on in vitro reconstituted human epithelia","volume":"1","author":"M Schaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-290-2_7","article-title":"Detection of necrosis by release of lactate dehydrogenase activity","volume":"979","author":"FKM Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt688","article-title":"RNA-seq differential expression studies: More sequence or more replication","volume":"30","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","article-title":"MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report","volume":"32","author":"P Ewels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref098","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ensembl variation resources","volume":"2018","author":"SE Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D592","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw924","article-title":"The Candida Genome Database (CGD): Incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data","volume":"45","author":"MS Skrzypek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.23297.1","article-title":"GFF Utilities: GffRead and GffCompare","volume":"9","author":"M Pertea","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"ppat.1010037.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","article-title":"ClusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters","volume":"16","author":"G Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T19:07:59Z","timestamp":1636484879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Fidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]}}}