{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:07:19Z","timestamp":1787170039169,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI149180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI149180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005834","name":"Francis Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI125186A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI125186A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI089621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI089621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUNCAN1810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUNCAN1810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL151840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL151840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Career Award at the Scientific Interface"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Award at the Scientific Interface"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fischell Fellowship In Biomedical Engineering"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The clinical impact of rhinovirus C (RV-C) is well-documented; yet, the viral life cycle remains poorly defined. Thus, we characterized RV-C15 replication at the single-cell level and its impact on the human airway epithelium (HAE) using a physiologically-relevant\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. RV-C15 replication was restricted to ciliated cells where viral RNA levels peaked at 12 hours post-infection (hpi), correlating with elevated titers in the apical compartment at 24hpi. Notably, infection was associated with a loss of polarized expression of the RV-C receptor, cadherin-related family member 3. Visualization of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during RV-C15 replication revealed two distinct replication complex arrangements within the cell, likely corresponding to different time points in infection. To further define RV-C15 replication sites, we analyzed the expression and colocalization of giantin, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, and calnexin with dsRNA. Despite observing Golgi fragmentation by immunofluorescence during RV-C15 infection as previously reported for other RVs, a high ratio of calnexin-dsRNA colocalization implicated the endoplasmic reticulum as the primary site for RV-C15 replication in HAE. RV-C15 infection was also associated with elevated stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and the induction of incomplete autophagy, a mechanism used by other RVs to facilitate non-lytic release of progeny virions. Notably, genetic depletion of STING in HAE attenuated RV-C15 and -A16 (but not -B14) replication, corroborating a previously proposed proviral role for STING in some RV infections. Finally, RV-C15 infection resulted in a temporary loss in epithelial barrier integrity and the translocation of tight junction proteins while a reduction in mucociliary clearance indicated cytopathic effects on epithelial function. Together, our findings identify both shared and unique features of RV-C replication compared to related rhinoviruses and define the impact of RV-C on both epithelial cell organization and tissue functionality\u2013aspects of infection that may contribute to pathogenesis\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T13:26:22Z","timestamp":1641561982000},"page":"e1010159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rhinovirus C replication is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and triggers cytopathic effects in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4953-7135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Talita B.","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-4757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monty E.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-6680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey M.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae W.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxinne A.","family":"Ignacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-2067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Stroka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg A.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6860-2468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Scull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1010159.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2864-2868.1997","article-title":"Frequency and Natural History of Rhinovirus Infections in Adults during Autum","volume":"35","author":"E Arruda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J of Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1010159.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201202-0330OC","article-title":"Human Rhinovirus Species and Season of Infection Determine Illness Severity","volume":"186","author":"WM Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1010159.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy063","article-title":"Viral Load and Sequence Analysis Reveal the Symptom Severity, Diversity, and Transmission Clusters of Rhinovirus Infections","volume":"67","author":"KT Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010159.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217744","article-title":"Human coronavirus alone or in co-infection with rhinovirus C is a risk factor for severe respiratory disease and admission to the pediatric intensive care unit: A one-year study in Southeast Brazil","volume":"14","author":"AK Matsuno","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07953-9","article-title":"Frequency, severity, and duration of rhinovirus infections in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"359","author":"JM Corne","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00092410","article-title":"Association between human rhinovirus C and severity of acute asthma in children","volume":"37","author":"J Bizzintino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010159.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1567","article-title":"Airway Inflammation and Illness Severity in Response to Experimental Rhinovirus Infection in Asthma","volume":"145","author":"J Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24587","article-title":"Rhinovirus Species and Clinical Characteristics in the First Wheezing Episode in Children","volume":"88","author":"R Turunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.023994-0","article-title":"Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species C into genotypically-assigned types","volume":"91","author":"P Simmonds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.053686-0","article-title":"Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species A, B and C into genotypically assigned types","volume":"94","author":"CL McIntyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.01.007","article-title":"Epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic characteristics of human rhinovirus infection among otherwise healthy children and adults Rhinovirus among adults and children","volume":"64","author":"WJ Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J of Clin Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010159.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.017","article-title":"Hospitalizations and outpatient visits for rhinovirus-associated acute respiratory illness in adults","volume":"137","author":"EK Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010159.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.06.024","article-title":"Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing","volume":"116","author":"RF Lemanske","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12740","article-title":"Rhinovirus and preschool wheeze","volume":"28","author":"K Stenberg-Hammar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1086\/508551","article-title":"MassTag Polymerase-Chain-Reaction Detection of Respiratory Pathogens, Including a New Rhinovirus Genotype, That Caused Influenza-Like Illness in New York State during 2004\u20132005","volume":"194","author":"D Lamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"The J of Inf Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010159.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165557","article-title":"Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveal Structure and Evolution","volume":"324","author":"AC Palmenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"32","key":"ppat.1010159.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606595113","article-title":"Atomic structure of a rhinovirus C, a virus species linked to severe childhood asthma","volume":"113","author":"Y Liua","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"16","key":"ppat.1010159.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC","volume":"8","author":"L Royston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"17","key":"ppat.1010159.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421178112","article-title":"Cadherin-related family member 3, a childhood asthma susceptibility gene product, mediates rhinovirus C binding and replication","volume":"112","author":"YA Bochkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010159.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2830","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exacerbations","volume":"46","author":"K B\u00f8nnelykke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010159.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-1021OC","article-title":"Cadherin-related Family Member 3 Genetics and Rhinovirus C Respiratory Illnesses","volume":"197","author":"K B\u00f8nnelykke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010159.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2358","article-title":"Molecular modeling, organ culture and reverse genetics for a newly identified human rhinovirus C","volume":"17","author":"YA Bochkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010159.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.01.052","article-title":"Functional genomics of CDHR3 confirms its role in HRV-C infection and childhood asthma exacerbations","volume":"144","author":"JL Everman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"44","key":"ppat.1010159.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014940117","article-title":"Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an essential proviral host factor for human rhinovirus species A and C.","volume":"117","author":"KL McKnight","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010159.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.11.002","article-title":"Biological Characteristics and Propagation of Human Rhinovirus\u2013C in Differentiated Sinus Epithelial Cells","volume":"436","author":"S Ashrafa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1010159.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13524","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02094-12","article-title":"Infection and Propagation of Human Rhinovirus C in Human Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"86","author":"W Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J of Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.06.031","article-title":"Growth and characterization of different human rhinovirus C types in three-dimensional human airway epithelia reconstituted in vitro","volume":"446","author":"C Tapparel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010159.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05937-11","article-title":"Complex Dynamic Development of Poliovirus Membranous Replication Complexes","volume":"86","author":"GA Belov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J of Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010159.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007036","article-title":"Cameron. Multiple poliovirus-induced organelles suggested by comparison of spatiotemporal dynamics of membranous structures and phosphoinositides","volume":"14","author":"HS Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010159.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007086","article-title":"Hijacking of multiple phospholipid biosynthetic pathways and induction of membrane biogenesis by a picornaviral 3CD protein","volume":"14","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens."},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref031","first-page":"677","article-title":"Rhinovirus Uses a Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate\/Cholesterol Counter-Current for the Formation of Replication Compartments at the ER-Golgi Interface. Cell Host &","volume":"16","author":"PS Roulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-136","article-title":"Evidence for an enterovirus as the cause of encephalitis lethargica","volume":"12","author":"RR Dourmashkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref033","article-title":"Particles of the EV-D68 virus","author":"CS Goldsmith","journal-title":"CDC"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.08.012","article-title":"Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus provides replication membranes for human rhinovirus 1A","volume":"407","author":"WT QuinerCAJackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1010159.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11671","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01170-14","article-title":"Human Rhinovirus 16 Causes Golgi Apparatus Fragmentation without Blocking Protein Secretion","volume":"88","author":"A Mousnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J of Virol"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1010159.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11852","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01225-06","article-title":"Effects of Picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-Dependent COP-I Recruitment.","volume":"80","author":"E Wessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"J of Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010159.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.032","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine vesicles enable efficient en bloc transmission of multiple enteroviruses","volume":"160","author":"YH Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010159.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030156","article-title":"Subversion of Cellular Autophagosomal Machinery by RNA Viruses","volume":"3","author":"WT Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1010159.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9651","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00316-11","article-title":"Human Rhinovirus 2 Induces the Autophagic Pathway and Replicates More Efficiently in Autophagic Cells","volume":"85","author":"KA Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J of Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.003","article-title":"Enteroviruses Remodel Autophagic Trafficking through Regulation of Host SNARE Proteins to Promote Virus Replication and Cell Exit","volume":"22","author":"AK Corona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104933","article-title":"A synthetic STING agonist inhibits the replication of human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 16 through distinct mechanisms","volume":"183","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-135","article-title":"Generation of a human airway 797 epithelium derived basal cell line with multipotent differentiation capacity","volume":"14","author":"MS Walters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010159.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1346","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00547.2002","article-title":"Claudin extracellular domains determine paracellular charge selectivity and resistance but not tight junction fibril architecture","volume":"284","author":"OR Colegio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1010159.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02266-5","article-title":"Quantitative Phenotyping of Cell\u2013Cell Junctions to Evaluate ZO-1 Presentation in Brain Endothelial Cells","volume":"47","author":"KM Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010159.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-019-00591-2","article-title":"Tumor Cell Mechanosensing During Incorporation into the Brain Microvascular Endothelium","volume":"12","author":"MA Pranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Bioeng"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010159.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-0177-y","article-title":"Quantitatively relating brain endothelial cell-cell junction phenotype to global and local barrier properties under varied culture conditions via the Junction Analyzer Program","volume":"17","author":"KM Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.654","article-title":"Uncoating of human rhinoviruses","volume":"20","author":"R Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1010159.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8953-8965.2000","article-title":"Remodeling the endoplasmic reticulum by poliovirus infection and by individual viral proteins: an autophagy-like origin for virus-induced vesicles","volume":"74","author":"DA Suhy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J of Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80442-0","article-title":"Intracellular location and translocation of silent and active poliovirus replication complexes","volume":"86","author":"D Egger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J of Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref050","first-page":"677","article-title":"Rhinovirus Uses a Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate\/ Cholesterol Counter-Current for the Formation of Replication Compartments at the ER-Golgi Interface. Cell Host &","volume":"16","author":"PS Roulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010159.ref051","first-page":"302","article-title":"Complex Dynamic Development of Poliovirus Membranous Replication Complexes","volume":"86","author":"GA Belova","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010159.ref052","first-page":"e1007086","article-title":"Hijacking of multiple phospholipid biosynthetic pathways and induction of membrane biogenesis by a picornaviral 3CD protein","volume":"14","author":"S Banerjee","journal-title":"PLoSPathog"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.12.007","article-title":"Modulation of the unfolded protein response pathway as an antiviral T approach in airway epithelial cells","volume":"162","author":"A Sch\u00f6gler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"133","key":"ppat.1010159.ref054","first-page":"1","article-title":"Non-Structural Protein 2B of Human Rhinovirus 16 Activates Both PERK and ATF6 Rather Than IRE1 to Trigger ER Stress","volume":"11","author":"J Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1010159.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.12.3519","article-title":"Coxsackievirus protein 2B modifies endoplasmic reticulum membrane and plasma membrane permeability and facilitates virus release","volume":"16","author":"FJM van Kuppeveld","year":"1997","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010159.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20182192","article-title":"STING-mediated disruption of calcium homeostasis chronically activates ER stress and primes T cell death","volume":"216","author":"J Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00615","article-title":"Research Advances in How the cGAS-STING Pathway Controls the Cellular Inflammatory Response. Research Advances in How the cGAS-STING Pathway Controls the Cellular Inflammatory Response","volume":"11","author":"D Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-136OC","article-title":"Rhinovirus Disrupts the Barrier Function of Polarized Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"178","author":"U Sajjan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1166","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00182.2003","article-title":"Role of claudin interactions in airway tight junctional permeability","volume":"285","author":"CB Coyne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-03-0134","article-title":"Regulation of Airway Tight Junctions by Proinflammatory Cytokines","volume":"13","author":"CB Coyne","journal-title":"Mol Biol of the Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.80","article-title":"Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates","volume":"17","author":"C Zihni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature reviews"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23925-z","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 mediates a metabolic host defense response in human airway epithelium during rhinovirus infections","volume":"12","author":"AN Michi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010159.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.07.018","article-title":"Propagation of respiratory viruses in human airway epithelia reveals persistent virus-specific signatures","volume":"141","author":"M Essaidi-Laziosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a028241","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028241","article-title":"Cilia and Mucociliary Clearance","volume":"9","author":"XM Bustamante-Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring HarbPerspect Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0244OC","article-title":"Interleukin-13\u2013Induced Mucous Metaplasia Increases Susceptibility of Human Airway Epithelium to Rhinovirus Infection","volume":"43","author":"ME Lachowicz-Scroggins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1010159.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113557","article-title":"IL-13 alters mucociliary differentiation and ciliary beating of human respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"108","author":"J Laoukili","year":"2001","journal-title":"The J of Clini Investigation"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1010159.ref067","first-page":"L1017","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection induces mucus hypersecretion","volume":"274","author":"A Yuta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1010159.ref068","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Induction of mucin secretion from human bronchial tissue and epithelial cells by rhinovirus and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"25","author":"SH He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1571-2_12","article-title":"Reverse Genetics System for Studying Human Rhinovirus Infections","volume":"1221","author":"WM Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.02.019","article-title":"Production, purification, and capsid stability of rhinovirus C types","volume":"217","author":"TF Griggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J of Virol Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1010159.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3047","article-title":"Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening","volume":"11","author":"NE Sanjana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010159.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2192803","article-title":"Lentivirus-delivered stable gene silencing by 850 RNAi in primary cells","volume":"9","author":"SA Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"RNA"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1010159.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1128\/am.16.10.1445-1450.1968","article-title":"Plaque Formation by 55 Rhinovirus Serotypes.","volume":"16","author":"M. Fiala","year":"1968","journal-title":"Applied Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1010159.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"M Longair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"key":"ppat.1010159.ref075","volume-title":"Corrected Total Cell Fluorescence (CTCF).","author":"L. Hammond"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010159.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2006.01706.x","article-title":"A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy","volume":"224","author":"FP BolteSCordelieres","year":"2006","journal-title":"J of Microscopy"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1010159.ref077","first-page":"e1007477","article-title":"CDHR3 extracellular domains EC1-3 mediate rhinovirus C interaction with cells and as recombinant derivatives, are inhibitory to virus infection","volume":"14","author":"K Walters","year":"2018","journal-title":"PlosPathog"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T13:27:27Z","timestamp":1641562047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010159"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shin-Ru","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010159","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.04.16.440244","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]}}}