{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:20:54Z","timestamp":1791440454353,"version":"4.3.3"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010197","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans, has a broad host range, and is able to infect domestic and wild animal species. Notably, white-tailed deer (WTD,\n                    <jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the most widely distributed cervid species in the Americas, were shown to be highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 in challenge studies and reported natural infection\/exposure rates approaching 30\u201340% in free-ranging WTD in the U.S. Thus, understanding the infection and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in WTD is critical to prevent future zoonotic transmission to humans, at the human-WTD interface during hunting or venison farming, and for implementation of effective disease control measures. Here, we demonstrated that following intranasal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2 B.1 lineage, WTD fawns (~8-month-old) shed infectious virus up to day 5 post-inoculation (pi), with high viral loads shed in nasal and oral secretions. This resulted in efficient deer-to-deer transmission on day 3 pi. Consistent a with lack of infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding after day 5 pi, no transmission was observed to contact animals added on days 6 and 9 pi. We have also investigated the tropism and sites of SARS-CoV-2 replication in adult WTD (3\u20134 years of age). Infectious virus was detected up to day 6 pi in nasal secretions, and from various respiratory-, lymphoid-, and central nervous system tissues, indicating broad tissue tropism and multiple sites of virus replication. The study provides important insights on the infection and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in WTD, a wild animal species that is highly susceptible to infection and with the potential to become a reservoir for the virus in the field.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T13:41:06Z","timestamp":1647870066000},"page":"e1010197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["From Deer-to-Deer: SARS-CoV-2 is efficiently transmitted and presents broad tissue tropism and replication sites in white-tailed deer"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mathias","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Boggiatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Cassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shollie","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo C.","family":"Caserta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen H. V.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Kanipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-8940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego G.","family":"Diel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref001","first-page":"536","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","author":"AE Gorbalenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology. Nature Research"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref003","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Bat Sarbecovirus Phylogenetically Related to SARS-CoV-2, Japan","author":"S Murakami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200092","article-title":"Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"26","author":"SKP Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref005","article-title":"Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor- binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula","author":"S Temmam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Sq."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref007","article-title":"Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses","author":"M Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref008","first-page":"181","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010146117","article-title":"Broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 predicted by comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 in vertebrates","volume":"117","author":"J Damas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref010","article-title":"Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to SARS-CoV-2","author":"V. Palmer M","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref011","author":"JC Chandler","year":"2021","journal-title":"SARS-CoV-2 exposure in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref012","first-page":"1","volume":"XX","author":"PM Palermo","year":"2021","journal-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in White-Tailed Deer from Texas"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref013","author":"V Kuchipudi AS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multiple spillovers and onward transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in free-living and captive white-tailed deer"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref014","first-page":"1","author":"AVL Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Title: SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref015","first-page":"13","article-title":"Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Cat with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","author":"M FR C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref016","first-page":"812","article-title":"Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19","volume":"182","author":"B Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus. Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03361-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G change enhances replication and transmission","volume":"592","author":"B Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref018","article-title":"Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant in pregnant white-tailed deer.","author":"K Cool","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref019","first-page":"26","author":"CM Freuling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Susceptibility of Raccoon Dogs for Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref020","first-page":"12","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in the North American deer mouse.","author":"BD Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009585","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection, neuropathogenesis and transmission among deer mice: Implications for spillback to New World rodents. Wang D, editor.","volume":"17","author":"A Fagre","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02220-20","article-title":"From people to panthera: Natural sars-cov-2 infection in tigers and lions at the bronx zoo","volume":"11","author":"D McAloose","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5901","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans","volume":"371","author":"BB Oude Munnink","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009373","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats imposes a narrow bottleneck.","volume":"17","author":"KM Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105253118","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 evolution in animals suggests mechanisms for rapid variant 5 selection","volume":"118","author":"L Bashor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"P V\u2019kovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3862","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3862","article-title":"Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2","author":"M Cevik","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01296-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva","volume":"27","author":"N Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref029","article-title":"Age-related susceptibility of ferrets to SARS-CoV-2 infection.","author":"M Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv. 2021"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref030","first-page":"13","article-title":"Neuroinvasion and encephalitis following intranasal inoculation of sars-cov-2 in k18-hace2 mice","author":"P Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.027","article-title":"Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2","volume":"182","author":"Liu MQ Jiang R Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref032","article-title":"A Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pathogenesis.","author":"SH Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","article-title":"Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"J Meinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26570","article-title":"Evidence of central nervous system infection and neuroinvasive routes, as well as neurological involvement, in the lethality of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"93","author":"JM Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref036","first-page":"373","article-title":"Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course","author":"TC Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref037","article-title":"Elizabeth Plocharczyk DGD. Viral load and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in paired respiratory and oral specimens from symptomatic, asymptomatic or post-symptomatic individuals","author":"Rebecca L. Tallmadge","journal-title":"bioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref038","first-page":"704","volume":"27","author":"Y-IYY Il Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05148-1","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in individual and pooled upper respiratory tract samples","volume":"166","author":"M Laverack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081510","article-title":"Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Cat with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"1313","author":"FR Carvallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref041","first-page":"365","article-title":"Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers","volume":"132","author":"S Rozen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref042","author":"A Wilm","journal-title":"LoFreq: a sequence-quality aware, ultra-sensitive variant caller for uncovering cell-population heterogeneity from high-throughput sequencing datasets."},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref043","author":"Y Liu","journal-title":"Rescuing Low Frequency Variants within Intra-Host Viral Populations directly from Oxford Nanopore sequencing data"},{"key":"ppat.1010197.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2144\/05391RV01","article-title":"Real-time PCR for mRNA quantitation","volume":"39","author":"ML Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotechniques"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010197","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T14:15:08Z","timestamp":1648736108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010197"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Munster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010197","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.14.472547","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}}}