{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:43Z","timestamp":1791354163825,"version":"4.3.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010496","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Attachment to the intestinal epithelium is critical to the lifestyle of the ubiquitous parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The ventrolateral flange is a sheet-like membrane protrusion at the interface between parasites and attached surfaces. This structure has been implicated in attachment, but its role has been poorly defined. Here, we identified a novel actin associated protein with putative WH2-like actin binding domains we named Flangin. Flangin complexes with\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    actin (\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Actin) and is enriched in the ventrolateral flange making it a valuable marker for studying the flanges\u2019 role in\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    biology. Live imaging revealed that the flange grows to around 1 \u03bcm in width after cytokinesis, then remains uniform in size during interphase, grows in mitosis, and is resorbed during cytokinesis. A flangin truncation mutant stabilizes the flange and blocks cytokinesis, indicating that flange disassembly is necessary for rapid myosin-independent cytokinesis in\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rho family GTPases are important regulators of membrane protrusions and\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac, the sole Rho family GTPase in\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was localized to the flange. Knockdown of Flangin,\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Actin, and\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac result in flange formation defects. This indicates a conserved role for\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac and\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Actin in forming membrane protrusions, despite the absence of canonical actin binding proteins that link Rho GTPase signaling to lamellipodia formation. Flangin-depleted parasites had reduced surface contact and when challenged with fluid shear force in flow chambers they had a reduced ability to remain attached, confirming a role for the flange in attachment. This secondary attachment mechanism complements the microtubule based adhesive ventral disc, a feature that may be particularly important during mitosis when the parental ventral disc disassembles in preparation for cytokinesis. This work supports the emerging view that\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia\u2019s<\/jats:italic>\n                    unconventional actin cytoskeleton has an important role in supporting parasite attachment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T16:15:20Z","timestamp":1651162520000},"page":"e1010496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Giardia ventrolateral flange is a lamellar membrane protrusion that supports attachment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Hardin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain C. M.","family":"Alas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Taparia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa C.","family":"Steele-Ogus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli L.","family":"Hvorecny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron R.","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavla","family":"T\u016fmov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin 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