{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:23:12Z","timestamp":1772227392866,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010731","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000}}],"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI139625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI139625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI137345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI137345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI141514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI141514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI141514-03S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI141514-03S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Children are particularly susceptible to typhoid fever caused by the bacterial pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi. Typhoid fever is prevalent in developing countries where diets can be less well-balanced. Here, using a murine model, we investigated the role of the macronutrient composition of the diet in maternal vaccination efficacies of two subunit vaccines targeting typhoid toxin: ToxoidVac and PltBVac. We found that maternal vaccinations protected all offspring against a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge in a balanced, normal diet (ND) condition, but the declined protection in a malnourished diet (MD) condition was observed in the PltBVac group. Despite the comparable antibody titers in both MD and ND mothers, MD offspring had a significantly lower level of typhoid toxin neutralizing antibodies than their ND counterparts. We observed a lower expression of the neonatal Fc receptor on the yolk sac of MD mothers than in ND mothers, agreeing with the observed lower antibody titers in MD offspring. Protein supplementation to MD diets, but not fat supplementation, increased FcRn expression and protected all MD offspring from the toxin challenge. Similarly, providing additional typhoid toxin-neutralizing antibodies to MD offspring was sufficient to protect all MD offspring from the toxin challenge. These results emphasize the significance of balanced\/normal diets for a more effective maternal vaccination transfer to their offspring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T13:48:07Z","timestamp":1660312087000},"page":"e1010731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Malnutrition and maternal vaccination against typhoid toxin"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Durga P.","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-An","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-3505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeongmin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010731.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"RR Stanaway JD","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010731.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003748","article-title":"Rapid emergence of multidrug resistant, H58-lineage Salmonella typhi in Blantyre, Malawi.","volume":"9","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010731.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00105","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Clone Harboring a Promiscuous Plasmid Encoding Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Third-Generation Cephalosporins","volume":"9","author":"EJ Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"suppl_4","key":"ppat.1010731.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S201","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy205","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Laboratory-Based Enteric Fever Surveillance, Pakistan, 2012\u20132014","volume":"218","author":"FN Qamar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1010731.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0257744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257744","article-title":"The molecular basis of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates from pediatric septicemia patients","volume":"16","author":"C Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1010731.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00482","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00482-18","article-title":"The Gathering Storm: Is Untreatable Typhoid Fever on the Way?","volume":"9","author":"MM Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010731.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6030045","article-title":"Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design.","volume":"6","author":"YA Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"ppat.1010731.ref008","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018\u2014Recommendations.","author":"WHO","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010731.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1145","article-title":"Seroefficacy of Vi Polysaccharide-Tetanus Toxoid Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (Typbar TCV).","volume":"67","author":"M Voysey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1010731.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12939","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12939","article-title":"Typhoidal Salmonella: Distinctive virulence factors and pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"R Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"7458","key":"ppat.1010731.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12377","article-title":"Structure and function of the Salmonella Typhi chimaeric A(2)B(5) typhoid toxin.","volume":"499","author":"J 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Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010731.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102454","article-title":"Mechanisms of typhoid toxin neutralization by antibodies targeting glycan receptor binding and nuclease subunits","volume":"24","author":"C Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ppat.1010731.ref016","first-page":"Iai0051521","article-title":"Neutralization of typhoid toxin by alpaca-derived, single-domain antibodies targeting the PltB and CdtB subunits","author":"HP Dulal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1010731.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109654","article-title":"The structural basis of Salmonella A(2)B(5) toxin neutralization by antibodies targeting the glycan-receptor binding subunits","volume":"36","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell 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