{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:21:41Z","timestamp":1782544901022,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010776","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000}}],"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI132463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI132463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The phylum Apicomplexa includes thousands of species of unicellular parasites that cause a wide range of human and animal diseases such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. To infect, the parasite must first initiate active movement to disseminate through tissue and invade into a host cell, and then cease moving once inside. The parasite moves by gliding on a surface, propelled by an internal cortical actomyosin-based motility apparatus. One of the most effective invaders in Apicomplexa is\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which can infect any nucleated cell and any warm-blooded animal. During invasion, the parasite first makes contact with the host cell \"head-on\" with the apical complex, which features an elaborate cytoskeletal apparatus and associated structures. Here we report the identification and characterization of a new component of the apical complex, Preconoidal region protein 2 (Pcr2). Pcr2 knockout parasites replicate normally, but they are severely diminished in their capacity for host tissue destruction due to significantly impaired invasion and egress, two vital steps in the lytic cycle. When stimulated for calcium-induced egress, Pcr2 knockout parasites become active, and secrete effectors to lyse the host cell. Calcium-induced secretion of the major adhesin, MIC2, also appears to be normal. However, the movement of the Pcr2 knockout parasite is spasmodic, which drastically compromises egress. In addition to faulty motility, the ability of the Pcr2 knockout parasite to assemble the moving junction is impaired. Both defects likely contribute to the poor efficiency of invasion. Interestingly, actomyosin activity, as indicated by the motion of mEmerald tagged actin chromobody, appears to be largely unperturbed by the loss of Pcr2, raising the possibility that Pcr2 may act downstream of or in parallel with the actomyosin machinery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T13:41:18Z","timestamp":1661175678000},"page":"e1010776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An apical protein, Pcr2, is required for persistent movement by the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Munera Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isadonna F.","family":"Tengganu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa F.","family":"Arias Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Florens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9778-7337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1010776.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07789","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07789","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of Plasmodium sporozoite motility in the dermis reveals component of blood vessel recognition","volume":"4","author":"C.S. Hopp","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ppat.1010776.ref002","article-title":"Host cell invasion and gliding motility by Toxoplasma gondii","author":"L. Sibley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Society of Protozoologists Meeting"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010776.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02240-7","article-title":"Is Toxoplasma egress the first step in invasion?","volume":"18","author":"E.F. Hoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010776.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(00)88964-3","article-title":"Invasion of vertebrate cells by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"5","author":"L.D. Sibley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1010776.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0854.2003.00117.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: perfecting an intracellular life style","volume":"4","author":"L.D. Sibley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010776.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2003.11.013","article-title":"Toxoplasma as a novel system for motility","volume":"16","author":"D. Soldati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current opinion in cell biology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1010776.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002201","article-title":"The motility of a human parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is regulated by a novel lysine methyltransferase.","volume":"7","author":"A.T. Heaslip","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1010776.ref008","article-title":"Loss of a doublecortin (DCX) domain containing protein causes structural defects in a tubulin-based organelle of Toxoplasma gondii and impairs host cell invasion","author":"E. Nagayasu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010776.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006379","article-title":"Calmodulin-like proteins localized to the conoid regulate motility and cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"13","author":"S. Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010776.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02341-2","article-title":"A conserved ankyrin repeat-containing protein regulates conoid stability, motility and cell invasion in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"S. Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010776.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-020-0249-5","article-title":"A doublecortin-domain protein of Toxoplasma and its orthologues bind to and modify the structure and organization of tubulin polymers","volume":"21","author":"J.M. Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Molecular and Cell Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1010776.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005388","article-title":"The Conoid Associated Motor MyoH Is Indispensable for Toxoplasma gondii Entry and Exit from Host Cells.","volume":"12","author":"A. Graindorge","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"ppat.1010776.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42669","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42669","article-title":"Three F-actin assembly centers regulate organelle inheritance, cell-cell communication and motility in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"N. Tosetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1010776.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00646.x","article-title":"The rhoptry neck protein RON4 re-localizes at the moving junction during Toxoplasma gondii invasion","volume":"7","author":"M. Lebrun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010776.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004025","article-title":"RON5 is critical for organization and function of the Toxoplasma moving junction complex.","volume":"10","author":"J.R. 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