{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T02:57:37Z","timestamp":1774925857473,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010777","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000}}],"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008227","name":"ARCS Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-AI100913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI100913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Georgia Department of Microbiology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-GM110413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-GM110413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a parasitic roundworm of humans, is colonized by the obligate intracellular bacterium,\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia pipientis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The symbiosis between this nematode and bacterium is essential for nematode reproduction and long-term survival in a human host. Therefore, identifying molecular mechanisms required by\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    to persist in and colonize\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissues will provide new essential information regarding the basic biology of this endosymbiosis.\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    utilize a Type IV secretion system to translocate so-called\n                    <jats:italic>\u201c<\/jats:italic>\n                    effector\u201d proteins into the cytosol of\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells to promote colonization of the eukaryotic host. However, the characterization of these\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    secreted proteins has remained elusive due to the genetic intractability of both organisms. Strikingly, expression of the candidate\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    Type IV-secreted effector protein, Wbm0076, in the surrogate eukaryotic cell model,\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , resulted in the disruption of the yeast actin cytoskeleton and inhibition of endocytosis. Genetic analyses show that Wbm0076 is a member of the family of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins (WAS [p]), a well-conserved eukaryotic protein family required for the organization of actin skeletal structures. Thus, Wbm0076 likely plays a central role in the active cell-to-cell movement of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    throughout\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissues during nematode development. As most\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates sequenced to date encode at least partial orthologs of\n                    <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                    Bm0076, we find it likely that the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    to directly manipulate host actin dynamics is an essential requirement of all\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    endosymbioses, independent of host cell species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T13:49:08Z","timestamp":1676641748000},"page":"e1010777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Wbm0076, a candidate effector protein of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi, disrupts eukaryotic actin dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey G.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenie M.","family":"Rodrigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl F.","family":"Lechtreck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2415-412X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Starai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"ppat.1010777.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066646","article-title":"Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"112","author":"E Michael","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010777.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0346-4","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease.","volume":"34","author":"S Babu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1010777.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004560","article-title":"Between-Country Inequalities in the Neglected Tropical Disease Burden in 1990 and 2010, with Projections for 2020.","volume":"10","author":"WA Stolk","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1010777.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003319","article-title":"Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease.","volume":"8","author":"KD Ramaiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"ppat.1010777.ref005","unstructured":"Guideline: Alternative Mass Drug Administration Regimens to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. 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