{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:00:40Z","timestamp":1790136040533,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI150715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation","award":["MCB1553334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB1553334"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000928","name":"Welch Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I-2075-20210327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-2075-20210327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reversible phosphorylation by protein kinases is one of the core mechanisms by which biological signals are propagated and processed. Mitogen-activated protein kinases, or MAPKs, are conserved throughout eukaryotes where they regulate cell cycle, development, and stress response. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the function and biochemistry of MAPK signaling in apicomplexan parasites. As expected for well-conserved signaling modules, MAPKs have been found to have multiple essential roles regulating both <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> tachyzoite replication and sexual differentiation in <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>. However, apicomplexan MAPK signaling is notable for the lack of the canonical kinase cascade that normally regulates the networks, and therefore must be regulated by a distinct mechanism. We highlight what few regulatory relationships have been established to date, and discuss the challenges to the field in elucidating the complete MAPK signaling networks in these parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:24:53Z","timestamp":1665681893000},"page":"e1010849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Not your Mother\u2019s MAPKs: Apicomplexan MAPK function in daughter cell budding"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravin S.","family":"Dewangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Ariana","family":"Paiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-9594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael L.","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14843","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.25.14843","article-title":"How MAP kinases are regulated","volume":"270","author":"MH Cobb","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60765-4","article-title":"Signal transduction through MAP kinase cascades","volume":"74","author":"TS Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2374","article-title":"Molecular basis of MAP kinase regulation","volume":"22","author":"W Peti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein Sci Publ Protein Soc"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210392","article-title":"Differential regulation and properties of MAPKs","volume":"26","author":"M Raman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-321","article-title":"Structural and evolutionary divergence of eukaryotic protein kinases in Apicomplexa","volume":"11","author":"E Talevich","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0014","article-title":"An evolutionary perspective on the kinome of malaria parasites","volume":"367","author":"E Talevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-5-79","article-title":"Protein kinases of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: the kinome of a divergent eukaryote.","volume":"5","author":"P Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Genom"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004180","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004180","article-title":"Forward genetic screening identifies a small molecule that blocks Toxoplasma gondii growth by inhibiting both host- and parasite-encoded kinases","volume":"10","author":"KM Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref009","first-page":"11","article-title":"Loss of the Conserved Alveolate Kinase MAPK2 Decouples Toxoplasma Cell Growth from Cell Division.","author":"X Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E19-11-0607","article-title":"Loss of a conserved MAPK causes catastrophic failure in assembly of a specialized cilium-like structure in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"31","author":"WJ O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(96)00281-8","article-title":"A MAP kinase homologue from the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"177","author":"CM Doerig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02608-4","article-title":"Stage-specific expression of a Plasmodium falciparum protein related to the eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinases","volume":"78","author":"DT Lin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1010849.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29912","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.29912","article-title":"An atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) homologue expressed in gametocytes of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. 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