{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T08:10:58Z","timestamp":1794039058063,"version":"4.8.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010903","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI150157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI150157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harvard Fairbairn Family Lyme Disease Research Initiative"},{"name":"Harvard Fairbairn Family Lyme Disease Research Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Lyme disease bacterial pathogen,<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, establishes a long-term infection inside its mammalian hosts. Despite the continued presence of the bacteria in animal models of disease, inflammation is transitory and resolves spontaneously. T cells with limited effector functions and the inability to become activated by antigen, termed exhausted T cells, are present in many long-term infections. These exhausted T cells mediate a balance between pathogen clearance and preventing tissue damage resulting from excess inflammation. Exhausted T cells express a variety of immunoinhibitory molecules, including the molecule PD-1. Following<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>infection, we found that PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are significantly upregulated on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and antigen presenting cell subsets, respectively. Using mice deficient in PD-1, we found that the PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway did not impact bacterial clearance but did impact T cell expansion and accumulation in the ankle joint and popliteal lymph nodes without affecting B cell populations or antibody production, suggesting that the PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway may play a role in shaping the T cell populations present in affected tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T18:42:19Z","timestamp":1666291339000},"page":"e1010903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway is induced during Borrelia burgdorferi infection and inhibits T cell joint infiltration without compromising bacterial clearance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jennifer 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