{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:22:28Z","timestamp":1788337348807,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011013","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000}}],"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["461623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["461623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RGE Murray Graduate Scholarship"},{"name":"Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology"},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a globally prominent human-specific pathogen responsible for an enormous burden of human illnesses, including &gt;600 million pharyngeal and &gt;100 million skin infections each year. Despite intensive efforts that focus on invasive indications, much remains unknown about this bacterium in its natural state during colonization of the nasopharynx and skin. Using acute experimental infection models in HLA-transgenic mice, we evaluated how the hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule contributes to\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    MGAS8232 infection within these limited biological niches. Herein, we demonstrate that HA capsule expression promotes bacterial burden in murine nasal turbinates and skin lesions by resisting neutrophil-mediated killing. HA capsule production is encoded by the\n                    <jats:italic>hasABC<\/jats:italic>\n                    operon and compared to wildtype\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections, mice infected with a \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>hasA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant exhibited over a 1000-fold CFU reduction at 48-hours post-nasal challenge, and a 10,000-fold CFU reduction from skin lesions 72-hours post-skin challenge. HA capsule expression contributed substantially to skin lesion size development following subdermal inoculations. In the absence of capsule expression,\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed drastically impeded growth in whole human blood and increased susceptibility to killing by isolated neutrophils\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting its important role in resisting phagocytosis. Furthermore, we establish that neutrophil depletion in mice recovered the reduced burden by the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>hasA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant in both the nasopharynx and skin. Together, this work confirms that the HA capsule is a key virulence determinant during acute infections by\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and demonstrates that its predominant function is to protect\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    against neutrophil-mediated killing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T13:42:42Z","timestamp":1669815762000},"page":"e1011013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Streptococcus pyogenes hyaluronic acid capsule promotes experimental nasal and skin infection by preventing neutrophil-mediated clearance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jacklyn R.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake A.","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather C.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aanchal","family":"Rishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Tuffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3742-7289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John K.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2648","article-title":"Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)74517-1","article-title":"A serologically inactive polysaccharide elaborated by mucoid strains of group a hemolytic Streptococcus","volume":"118","author":"FE Kendall","year":"1937","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.5.1291","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a locus required for hyaluronic acid capsule production in group A streptococci","volume":"175","author":"BA Dougherty","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18452","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.31.18452","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid synthesis operon (has) expression in group A streptococci","volume":"270","author":"DL Crater","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)82366-3","article-title":"Isolation of a Streptococcus pyogenes gene locus that directs hyaluronan biosynthesis in acapsular mutants and in heterologous bacteria","volume":"268","author":"PL DeAngelis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42330-1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of hasA from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci","volume":"269","author":"BA Dougherty","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36494-4","article-title":"Molecular cloning, identification, and sequence of the hyaluronan synthase gene from group A Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"268","author":"PL DeAngelis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1011013.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53153-7","article-title":"Molecular characterization of hasB from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci. 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