{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:03:06Z","timestamp":1790996586043,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014277","name":"Project Apis m.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["76"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["76"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> destructor is a cosmopolitan pest and leading cause of colony loss of the European honey bee. Historically described as a competent vector of honey bee viruses, this arthropod vector is the cause of a global pandemic of Deformed wing virus, now endemic in honeybee populations in all <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic>-infested regions. Our work shows that viral spread is driven by <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> actively switching from one adult bee to another as they feed. Assays using fluorescent microspheres were used to indicate the movement of fluids in both directions between host and vector when <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> feed. Therefore, <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> could be in either an infectious or na\u00efve state dependent upon the disease status of their host. We tested this and confirmed that the relative risk of a <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> feeding depended on their previous host\u2019s infectiousness. <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in their host-switching behavior, with some <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> infrequently switching while others switch at least daily. As a result, relatively few of the most active <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> parasitize the majority of bees. This multiple-feeding behavior has analogs in vectorial capacity models of other systems, where promiscuous feeding by individual vectors is a leading driver of vectorial capacity. We propose that the honeybee-<jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> relationship offers a unique opportunity to apply principles of vectorial capacity to a social organism, as virus transmission is both vectored and occurs through multiple host-to-host routes common to a crowded society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T18:24:17Z","timestamp":1674152657000},"page":"e1011061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Promiscuous feeding on multiple adult honey bee hosts amplifies the vectorial capacity of Varroa destructor"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-1887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Lamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serhat","family":"Solmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene V.","family":"Ryabov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mowery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Heermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sonenshine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Hawthorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011061.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2006.03.010","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses in the honeybee, Apis mellifera","volume":"92","author":"YP Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY"},{"issue":"4964","key":"ppat.1011061.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/2041173a0","article-title":"Prognosis for Interruption of Malaria Transmission Through Assessment of the Mosquito\u2019s Vectorial Capacity","volume":"204","author":"C. 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