{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:06:19Z","timestamp":1792026379868,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["AI140719, AI150641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI140719, AI150641"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AI116420, AI125770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI116420, AI125770"]}]},{"name":"the Veterans Affairs (VA) Program","award":["I01BX002924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX002924"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"the Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PR190642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR190642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Research Career Scientist","award":["IK6 BX005386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK6 BX005386"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccines are one of the most effective public health tools to prevent and manage infectious diseases. Since the first clinical use of vaccines in the late 18th century, many vaccines have been successfully developed to combat bacterial and viral infections, including the most recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, there remains no vaccine that is clinically available to treat or prevent invasive fungal diseases, including cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. This fungal disease is uniformly fatal without treatment and has a global mortality rate of over 70%. Despite a dire need for an effective cryptococcal vaccine, there are many scientific and economic challenges to overcome prior to making it a reality. Here, we discuss some of these challenges as well as steps that the community is taking for commercialization of effective cryptococcal vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T18:25:32Z","timestamp":1675967132000},"page":"e1011115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Host populations, challenges, and commercialization of cryptococcal vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Del Poeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floyd L.","family":"Wormley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-8387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00129","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Role of Capsular Polysaccharides Constituents of Cryptococcus neoformans.","volume":"6","author":"D Decote-Ricardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011115.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02909-18","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan and Sterylglucoside Are Required for Host Protection in an Animal Vaccination Model.","volume":"10","author":"AC Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0278521","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02785-21","article-title":"Immunoprotection against Cryptococcosis Offered by Znf2 Depends on Capsule and the Hyphal Morphology.","author":"J 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Zahra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref032","unstructured":"WHO. 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Maxmen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7918","key":"ppat.1011115.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01895-6","article-title":"Why a vaccine hub for low-income countries must succeed.","volume":"607","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011115.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002786","article-title":"Prevalence of Advanced HIV Disease, Cryptococcal Antigenemia, and Suboptimal Clinical Outcomes Among Those Enrolled in Care in Vietnam.","volume":"88","author":"VQ Dat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011115.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-020-00296-x","article-title":"Addressing advanced HIV disease and mortality in global HIV programming","volume":"17","author":"AT Boyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011115.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy971","article-title":"Healthcare Costs and Life-years Gained From Treatments Within the Advancing Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) Trial on Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Comparison of Antifungal Induction Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"69","author":"T Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011115.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06268-9","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of flucytosine as induction therapy in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected adults in South Africa.","volume":"21","author":"J Miot","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011115.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.2012.01124","article-title":"Cost of invasive fungal infections in the era of new diagnostics and expanded treatment options.","volume":"32","author":"E Dodds Ashley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1011115.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp080325","article-title":"Mortality, length of hospitalization, and costs associated with invasive fungal infections in high-risk patients.","volume":"66","author":"J Menzin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1011115.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy776","article-title":"Estimation of Direct Healthcare Costs of Fungal Diseases in the United States","volume":"68","author":"K Benedict","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref048","unstructured":"CDC. C. neoformans Infection Statistics. 2022."},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011115.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab123","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab123","article-title":"Evaluation of a Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay and Cryptococcal Antigen Positivity at a Large Public Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.","volume":"8","author":"KRV Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-041020-111511","article-title":"Harnessing the Immune Response to Fungal Pathogens for Vaccine Development","volume":"76","author":"A Rivera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glt.2020.09.002","article-title":"How product development partnerships support hybrid collaborations dealing with global health challenges","volume":"2","author":"MJ Hoogstraaten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Transitions"},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref052","unstructured":"Research FMoEa. Product Development Partnerships (PDPs). [cited 2023 Jan 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de\/en\/product-development-partnerships-pdps-8692.php."},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref053","unstructured":"Research TNBoA. The Value of Product Development Partnerships 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.nbr.org\/publication\/the-value-of-product-development-partnerships\/."},{"key":"ppat.1011115.ref054","unstructured":"Africa S. Ending Cryptococcal Meningitis Deaths by 2030 \u2013Strategic Framework. 2021."}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T18:26:07Z","timestamp":1675967167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011115"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Jabra-Rizk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}}}