{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T12:59:10Z","timestamp":1788094750964,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011478","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000}}],"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI154726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI154726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM136644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM136644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn are essential trace nutrients for all kingdoms of life, including microbial pathogens and their hosts. During infection, the mammalian host attempts to starve invading microbes of these micronutrients through responses collectively known as nutritional immunity. Nutritional immunity for Zn, Fe and Cu has been well documented for fungal infections; however Mn handling at the host-fungal pathogen interface remains largely unexplored. This work establishes the foundation of fungal resistance against Mn associated nutritional immunity through the characterization of NRAMP divalent metal transporters in the opportunistic fungal pathogen, <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. Here, we identify <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> Smf12 and Smf13 as two NRAMP transporters required for cellular Mn accumulation. Single or combined <jats:italic>smf12\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>smf13\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> mutations result in a 10\u201380 fold reduction in cellular Mn with an additive effect of double mutations and no losses in cellular Cu, Fe or Zn. As a result of low cellular Mn, the mutants exhibit impaired activity of mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) and cytosolic Mn-Sod3 but no defects in cytosolic Cu\/Zn-Sod1 activity. Mn is also required for activity of Golgi mannosyltransferases, and <jats:italic>smf12\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>smf13\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> mutants show a dramatic loss in cell surface phosphomannan and in glycosylation of proteins, including an intracellular acid phosphatase and a cell wall Cu-only Sod5 that is key for oxidative stress resistance. Importantly, <jats:italic>smf12\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>smf13\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> mutants are defective in formation of hyphal filaments, a deficiency rescuable by supplemental Mn. In a disseminated mouse model for <jats:italic>candidiasis<\/jats:italic> where kidney is the primary target tissue, we find a marked loss in total kidney Mn during fungal invasion, implying host restriction of Mn. In this model, <jats:italic>smf12\u0394\/\u0394<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>smf13\u0394\/\u0394 C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> mutants displayed a significant loss in virulence. These studies establish a role for Mn in <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T17:29:05Z","timestamp":1687800545000},"page":"e1011478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The role of manganese in morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Asia S.","family":"Wildeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naisargi K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan 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