{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:35:59Z","timestamp":1790800559928,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ5700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"start-up funding for young talents of Central South University","award":["202045004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202045004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, a severe parasitic disease, is primarily caused by <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>. Currently, praziquantel is the only recommended drug for human schistosome infection. However, the lack of efficacy of praziquantel against juvenile worms and concerns about the emergence of drug resistance are driving forces behind the research for an alternative medication. Schistosomes are obligatory parasites that survive on nutrients obtained from their host. The ability of nutrient uptake depends on their physiological structure. In short, the formation and maintenance of the structure and nutrient supply are mutually reinforcing and interdependent. In this review, we focus on the structural features of the tegument, esophagus, and intestine of schistosomes and their roles in nutrient acquisition. Moreover, we introduce the significance and modes of glucose, lipids, proteins, and amino acids intake in schistosomes. We linked the schistosome structure and nutrient supply, introduced the currently emerging targets, and analyzed the current bottlenecks in the research and development of drugs and vaccines, in the hope of providing new strategies for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T17:23:12Z","timestamp":1690478592000},"page":"e1011498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Advances in new target molecules against schistosomiasis: A comprehensive discussion of physiological structure and nutrient intake"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaijuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaobin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Sundas","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-766X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1011498.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"1154","author":"PT LoVerde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1011498.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.08.002","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: Drugs used and treatment strategies","volume":"176","author":"LDP Siqueira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ppat.1011498.ref003","first-page":"153","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: Still a Cause of Significant Morbidity and Mortality.","volume":"10","author":"MA Verjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Rep Tropical Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011498.ref004","first-page":"235","article-title":"Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"80","author":"C Lengeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011498.ref005","first-page":"13","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Nat Rev Dis Primers","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011498.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00789-x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis-from immunopathology to vaccines.","volume":"42","author":"DP McManus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1011498.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.05.009","article-title":"New Insights on Acute and Chronic Schistosomiasis: Do We Need a Redefinition?","volume":"36","author":"F Gobbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011498.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526519666181231153139","article-title":"PZQ Therapy: How Close are we in the Development of Effective Alternative Anti-schistosomal Drugs?","volume":"19","author":"RT Aruleba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets."},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011498.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y","article-title":"Schistosomiasis vaccine development: update on human clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"AJ Molehin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"1645","key":"ppat.1011498.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130433","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0433","article-title":"The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future","volume":"369","author":"B. 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