{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:45:27Z","timestamp":1791315927882,"version":"4.3.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011634","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000}}],"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI147811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI147811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM136572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM136572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence indicates that HIV-1 hijacks host DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways to facilitate multiple facets of virus replication. Canonically, HIV-1 engages proviral DDR responses through the accessory protein Vpr, which induces constitutive activation of DDR kinases ATM and ATR. However, in response to prolonged DDR signaling, ATM directly induces pro-inflammatory NF-\u03baB signaling and activates multiple members of the TRIM family of antiviral restriction factors, several of which have been previously implicated in antagonizing retroviral and lentiviral replication. Here, we demonstrate that the HIV-1 accessory protein Vif blocks ATM-directed DNA repair processes, activation of NF-\u03baB signaling responses, and TRIM protein phosphorylation. Vif function in ATM antagonism occurs in clinical isolates and in common HIV-1 Group M subtypes\/clades circulating globally. Pharmacologic and functional studies combine to suggest that Vif blocks Vpr-directed activation of ATM but not ATR, signifying that HIV-1 utilizes discrete strategies to fine-tune DDR responses that promote virus replication while simultaneously inhibiting immune activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T17:29:26Z","timestamp":1693934966000},"page":"e1011634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inhibition of ATM-directed antiviral responses by HIV-1 Vif"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hoi Tong","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline M.","family":"Luperchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5483-2684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Salamango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1011634.ref001","article-title":"HIV restriction factors and mechanisms of evasion","author":"M Malim","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2012"},{"key":"ppat.1011634.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.02.005","article-title":"Multilayered and versatile inhibition of cellular antiviral factors by HIV and SIV accessory proteins","volume":"40","author":"D Sauter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"49","key":"ppat.1011634.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40875","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R112.416925","article-title":"The restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"287","author":"RS Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1011634.ref004","first-page":"131","article-title":"APOBECs and virus restriction","author":"R Harris","journal-title":"Virology2015"},{"key":"ppat.1011634.ref005","first-page":"546","article-title":"Intrinsic host restrictions to HIV-1 and mechanisms of viral escape","author":"V Simon","journal-title":"Nature Immunology2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011634.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.04.008","article-title":"HIV-1 accessory proteins\u2014ensuring viral survival in a hostile environment","volume":"3","author":"MH Malim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011634.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.033","article-title":"Multiple APOBEC3 restriction factors for HIV-1 and one Vif to rule them all","volume":"426","author":"BA Desimmie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7482","key":"ppat.1011634.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12884","article-title":"Structural basis for hijacking CBF-\u03b2 and CUL5 E3 ligase complex by HIV-1 Vif","volume":"505","author":"Y Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7381","key":"ppat.1011634.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10693","article-title":"Vif hijacks CBF-\u03b2 to degrade APOBEC3G and promote HIV-1 infection","volume":"481","author":"S J\u00e4ger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1011634.ref010","first-page":"5","article-title":"Temporal proteomic analysis of HIV infection reveals remodelling of the host phosphoproteome by lentiviral Vif variants","author":"EJ Greenwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ppat.1011634.ref011","first-page":"8","article-title":"Functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection in primary human CD4+ T cells","author":"A Naamati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011634.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201809138","article-title":"Protein phosphatases in the regulation of mitosis","volume":"218","author":"J. 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