{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:16:56Z","timestamp":1773227816715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI137238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI137238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 R01AI137248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 R01AI137248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI055434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI055434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI138945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI138945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEIRR 75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEIRR 75N93021C00014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current influenza vaccine strategies have yet to overcome significant obstacles, including rapid antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses, in generating efficacious long-term humoral immunity. Due to the necessity of germinal center formation in generating long-lived high affinity antibodies, the germinal center has increasingly become a target for the development of novel or improvement of less-efficacious vaccines. However, there remains a major gap in current influenza research to effectively target T follicular helper cells during vaccination to alter the germinal center reaction. In this study, we used a heterologous infection or immunization priming strategy to seed an antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cell pool prior to influenza infection in mice to evaluate the effect of recalled memory T follicular helper cells in increased help to influenza-specific primary B cells and enhanced generation of neutralizing antibodies. We found that heterologous priming with intranasal infection with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or intramuscular immunization with adjuvanted recombinant LCMV glycoprotein induced increased antigen-specific effector CD4+ T and B cellular responses following infection with a recombinant influenza strain that expresses LCMV glycoprotein. Heterologously primed mice had increased expansion of secondary Th1 and Tfh cell subsets, including increased CD4+ T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells in the lung. However, the early enhancement of the germinal center cellular response following influenza infection did not impact influenza-specific antibody generation or B cell repertoires compared to primary influenza infection. Overall, our study suggests that while heterologous infection or immunization priming of CD4+ T cells is able to enhance the early germinal center reaction, further studies to understand how to target the germinal center and CD4+ T cells specifically to increase long-lived antiviral humoral immunity are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T17:59:46Z","timestamp":1726509586000},"page":"e1011639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Generation of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells by heterologous immunization enhances the magnitude of the germinal center response upon influenza infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Sircy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Ramstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemant","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Baessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyska L.","family":"Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keke C.","family":"Fairfax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4318-8472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. 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