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How AS and GD interact is also largely understudied. By constructing the evolutionary trajectory of the serpin gene <jats:italic>PpSerpin-1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Pteromalus puparum<\/jats:italic> serpin 1) in parasitoids and other insects, we found that both AS and GD jointly contribute to serpin protein diversity. These two processes are negatively correlated and show divergent features in both protein and regulatory sequences. Parasitoid wasps exhibit higher numbers of serpin protein\/domains than nonparasitoids, resulting from more GD but less AS in parasitoids. The potential roles of AS and GD in the evolution of parasitoid host-effector genes are discussed. Furthermore, we find that <jats:italic>PpSerpin-1<\/jats:italic> shows an exon expansion of AS compared to other parasitoids, and that several isoforms are involved in the wasp immune response, have been recruited to both wasp venom and larval saliva, and suppress host immunity. Overall, our study provides an example of how a parasitoid serpin gene adapts to parasitism through AS, and sheds light on the differential features of AS and GD in the evolution of insect serpins and their associations with the parasitic life strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T17:26:49Z","timestamp":1694453209000},"page":"e1011649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A serpin gene from a parasitoid wasp disrupts host immunity and exhibits adaptive alternative 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