{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:43:22Z","timestamp":1791315802970,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI159230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI159230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI143791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007316","name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA227291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA227291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"New Jersey Alliance for Clinical and Translational Science TL1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is increasingly appreciated that pathogens can spread as infectious units constituted by multiple, genetically diverse genomes, also called collective infectious units or genome collectives. However, genetic characterization of the spatial dynamics of collective infectious units in animal hosts is demanding, and it is rarely feasible in humans. Measles virus (MeV), whose spread in lymphatic tissues and airway epithelia relies on collective infectious units, can, in rare cases, cause subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a lethal human brain disease. In different SSPE cases, MeV acquisition of brain tropism has been attributed to mutations affecting either the fusion or the matrix protein, or both, but the overarching mechanism driving brain adaptation is not understood. Here we analyzed MeV RNA from several spatially distinct brain regions of an individual who succumbed to SSPE. Surprisingly, we identified two major MeV genome subpopulations present at variable frequencies in all 15 brain specimens examined. Both genome types accumulated mutations like those shown to favor receptor-independent cell-cell spread in other SSPE cases. Most infected cells carried both genome types, suggesting the possibility of genetic complementation. We cannot definitively chart the history of the spread of this virus in the brain, but several observations suggest that mutant genomes generated in the frontal cortex moved outwards as a collective and diversified. During diversification, mutations affecting the cytoplasmic tails of both viral envelope proteins emerged and fluctuated in frequency across genetic backgrounds, suggesting convergent and potentially frequency-dependent evolution for modulation of fusogenicity. We propose that a collective infectious unit drove MeV pathogenesis in this brain. Re-examination of published data suggests that similar processes may have occurred in other SSPE cases. Our studies provide a primer for analyses of the evolution of collective infectious units of other pathogens that cause lethal disease in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T18:22:59Z","timestamp":1703182979000},"page":"e1011817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Brain tropism acquisition: The spatial dynamics and evolution of a measles virus collective infectious unit that drove lethal subacute sclerosing panencephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Iris","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Hannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian K.","family":"Pfaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Dikdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan C.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wun-Ju","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Rota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison F.","family":"Feder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-2548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1011817.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.03.001","article-title":"Within host RNA virus persistence: mechanisms and consequences","volume":"23","author":"RE Randall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011817.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001687","article-title":"Why does viral RNA sometimes persist after recovery from acute infections?","volume":"20","author":"DE Griffin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1011817.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.40.100186.001111","article-title":"Persistence of RNA viruses in the central nervous system","volume":"40","author":"K Kristensson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1011817.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.140","article-title":"Keeping it in check: chronic viral infection and antiviral immunity in the brain","volume":"17","author":"KD Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1011817.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03150250078007","article-title":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. 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