{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:01:26Z","timestamp":1792166486490,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000}}],"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81772213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7222007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7222007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the scientific Research Cooperation Fund from Beijing University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The hygiene hypothesis proposes that decreased exposure to infectious agents in developed countries may contribute to the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases.\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a parasitic roundworm, causes trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, in humans.\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    had many hosts, and almost any mammal could become infected. Adult worms lived in the small intestine, while the larvae lived in muscle cells of the same mammal.\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a significant public health threat because it could cause severe illness and even death in humans who eat undercooked or raw meat containing the parasite. The complex interactions between gastrointestinal helminths, gut microbiota, and the host immune system present a challenge for researchers. Two groups of mice were infected with\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    vs uninfected control, and the experiment was conducted over 60 days. The 16S rRNA gene sequences and untargeted LC\/MS-based metabolomics of fecal and serum samples, respectively, from different stages of development of the\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mouse model, were examined in this study. Gut microbiota alterations and metabolic activity accompanied by parasite-induced immunomodulation were detected. The inflammation parameters of the duodenum (villus\/crypt ratio, goblet cell number and size, and histological score) were involved in active inflammation and oxidative metabolite profiles. These profiles included increased biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan while decreasing cholesterol metabolism and primary and secondary bile acid biosynthesis. These disrupted metabolisms adapted to infection stress during the enteral and parenteral phases and then return to homeostasis during the encapsulated phase. There was a shift from an abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the parenteral phase to an abundance of probiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Treg-associated-\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the encapsulated phase. Th2 immune response (IL-4\/IL-5\/IL-13), lamina propria Treg, and immune hyporesponsiveness metabolic pathways (decreased tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid) were all altered. These findings enhanced our understanding of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles of\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mice, which could be a driving force in parasite-shaping immune system maintenance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T15:15:29Z","timestamp":1704208529000},"page":"e1011893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Trichinella spiralis -induced immunomodulation signatures on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xi-Meng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yue","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-Ni","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"El-Ashram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alouffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0460-3514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin-Ping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1011893.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2013.811187","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis immunomodulation: an interactive multifactorial process","volume":"9","author":"DS Ashour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.007","article-title":"Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites","volume":"138","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12164","article-title":"Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"259","author":"CM Finlay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.3515","article-title":"Dendritic cell expression of OX40 ligand acts as a costimulatory, not polarizing, signal for optimal Th2 priming and memory induction in vivo","volume":"179","author":"SJ Jenkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.384","article-title":"The role of OX40 ligand interactions in the development of the Th2 response to the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus","volume":"170","author":"MJ Ekkens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1011893.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6959","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.12.6959","article-title":"Nippostrongylus brasiliensis can induce B7-independent antigen-specific development of IL-4-producing T cells from naive CD4 T cells in vivo","volume":"169","author":"Z Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.4.2242","article-title":"IL-2 and autocrine IL-4 drive the in vivo development of antigen-specific Th2 T cells elicited by nematode parasites","volume":"174","author":"Z Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1011893.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101074","article-title":"Helminth secretions induce de novo T cell Foxp3 expression and regulatory function through the TGF-\u03b2 pathway","volume":"207","author":"JR Grainger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1011893.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01228-09","article-title":"Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network","volume":"78","author":"CA Figueiredo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"524","key":"ppat.1011893.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw3703","article-title":"Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells.","volume":"12","author":"K de Ruiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"51","key":"ppat.1011893.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/2774-v","article-title":"Trichuris muris infection: a model of type 2 immunity and inflammation in the gut","author":"F Antignano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15596.1","article-title":"Helminth parasites and immune regulation.","volume":"7","author":"PH Gazzinelli-Guimaraes","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992","article-title":"Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths","volume":"11","author":"JE Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.04.004","article-title":"Macrobiota\u2014helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis","volume":"32","author":"WC Gause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1011893.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05986.x","article-title":"Preventive effects of Schistosoma japonicum ova on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis and bacterial translocation in mice","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1011893.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.04.004","article-title":"This Gut Ain\u2019t Big Enough for Both of Us. Or Is It? Helminth-Microbiota Interactions in Veterinary Species","volume":"33","author":"LE Peachey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0008-5","article-title":"The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity","volume":"11","author":"TP Brosschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011893.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000699","article-title":"The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host","volume":"141","author":"L Glendinning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.012","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation","volume":"43","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00171-2","article-title":"Exploring the microbial community (microflora) associated with ovine Haemonchus contortus (macroflora) field strains.","volume":"7","author":"S El-Ashram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.20","article-title":"Helminth-induced alterations of the gut microbiota exacerbate bacterial colitis","volume":"11","author":"C Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap7399","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap7399","article-title":"Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection.","volume":"4","author":"EC White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.32155","article-title":"Commensal-pathogen interactions in the intestinal tract: lactobacilli promote infection with, and are promoted by, helminth parasites","volume":"5","author":"LA Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6285","key":"ppat.1011893.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3229","article-title":"Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity","volume":"352","author":"D Ramanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0103-8","article-title":"Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.","volume":"3","author":"WF Fricke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.08.026","article-title":"Metabolic phenotyping in health and disease","volume":"134","author":"E Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1011893.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.01.007","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis: activity of the cerebral pyruvate recycling pathway of the host (mouse) in hypoglycemia induced by the infection.","volume":"106","author":"M Nishina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1011893.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900185s","article-title":"Panorganismal metabolic response modeling of an experimental Echinostoma caproni infection in the mouse","volume":"8","author":"J Saric","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"34","key":"ppat.1011893.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404878101","article-title":"Metabonomic investigations in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni: an approach for biomarker identification","volume":"101","author":"Y Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011893.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812874106","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites","volume":"106","author":"WR Wikoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2282-6","article-title":"Profiling of the perturbed metabolomic state of mouse spleen during acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.","volume":"10","author":"XQ Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.001","article-title":"Apicomplexan Energy Metabolism: Carbon Source Promiscuity and the Quiescence Hyperbole","volume":"32","author":"D Jacot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.01.004","article-title":"Host-parasite interactions revealed by Plasmodium falciparum metabolomics","volume":"5","author":"KL Olszewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800209d","article-title":"Global metabolic responses of NMRI mice to an experimental Plasmodium berghei infection","volume":"7","author":"JV Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-384","article-title":"Global host metabolic response to Plasmodium vivax infection: a 1H NMR based urinary metabonomic study.","volume":"10","author":"A Sengupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023866","article-title":"The neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii increases dopamine metabolism","volume":"6","author":"E Prandovszky","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19557","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19557","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiling of Mice Serum during Toxoplasmosis Progression Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.","volume":"6","author":"CX Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0641-8","article-title":"Immunoproteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis adult worm proteins recognized by early infection sera","volume":"8","author":"J Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-020-0287-3","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis and metabolic profiling reveal the key role of carotenoids in the petal coloration of Liriodendron tulipifera.","volume":"7","author":"Z Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horticulture Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12193","article-title":"Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"P Loke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501432","article-title":"Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity","volume":"195","author":"LA Reynolds","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20606","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20606","article-title":"The effect of helminth infection on the microbial composition and structure of the caprine abomasal microbiome","volume":"6","author":"RW Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01146-2","article-title":"Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis","volume":"9","author":"A Shute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref044","article-title":"Metabolomics and Microbiomes as Potential Tools to Evaluate the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet.","volume":"11","author":"Q Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1011893.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.35186","article-title":"Integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis reveals a novel interplay between commensal bacteria and metabolites in colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2021.07.001","article-title":"Recent advances and future directions in microbiome metabolomics","volume":"20","author":"M Misheva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"A Agus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref048","article-title":"Alterations and Correlations of Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Characteristics in Experimental Periodontitis Rats.","volume":"13","author":"L Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.10","article-title":"MetOrigin: Discriminating the origins of microbial metabolites for integrative analysis of the gut microbiome and metabolome.","volume":"1","author":"G Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848221091524","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221091524","article-title":"How the gut parasitome affects human health","volume":"15","author":"G Ianiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0008-5","article-title":"The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity","volume":"11","author":"T Brosschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04073-7","article-title":"Impact of intestinal parasites on microbiota and cobalamin gene sequences: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"R Mejia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors."},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1011893.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01301-z","article-title":"Parasite reliance on its host gut microbiota for nutrition and survival","volume":"16","author":"S Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009514","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009514","article-title":"Host microbiota can facilitate pathogen infection.","volume":"17","author":"EJ Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref055","first-page":"G400","article-title":"IL-5 contributes to worm expulsion and muscle hypercontractility in a primary T. spiralis infection","volume":"277","author":"BA Vallance","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9247474","article-title":"Role of T helper 2 cells in intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis","volume":"113","author":"N Ishikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011893.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271011","article-title":"Interleukin-9 is involved in host protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection","volume":"27","author":"H Faulkner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.4.1387","article-title":"Antibodies to IL-3 and IL-4 suppress helminth-induced intestinal mastocytosis","volume":"147","author":"KB Madden","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1159\/000234597","article-title":"Induction of intestinal mastocytosis in nude mice by repeated injection of interleukin-3","volume":"86","author":"T Abe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.10.004","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice","volume":"127","author":"HK Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ppat.1011893.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.002","article-title":"Alteration of helper T-cell related cytokine production in splenocytes during Trichinella spiralis infection","volume":"186","author":"SA Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02069","article-title":"Immune Cell Responses and Cytokine Profile in Intestines of Mice Infected with Trichinella spiralis","volume":"8","author":"J Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.02.014","article-title":"Systemic cytokine profiles and splenic toll-like receptor expression during Trichinella spiralis infection","volume":"134","author":"YR Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref064","article-title":"Resiniferatoxin modulates the Th1 immune response and protects the host during intestinal nematode infection","volume":"39","author":"JL Mu\u00f1oz-Carrillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00164","article-title":"Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success.","volume":"27","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0540","article-title":"Hepatoprotective immune response during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice","volume":"81","author":"AS Farid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.02.002","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis infection rapidly induces lung inflammatory response: the lung as the site of helminthocytotoxic activity","volume":"216","author":"MV Gentilini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01049.x","article-title":"Characterization of rat bone marrow dendritic cells initially primed by Trichinella spiralis antigens","volume":"30","author":"N Ilic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.08.004","article-title":"The impact of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory products on dendritic cells","volume":"34","author":"A Gruden-Movsesijan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref070","article-title":"Resiniferatoxin lowers TNF-\u03b1, NO and PGE(2) in the intestinal phase and the parasite burden in the muscular phase of Trichinella spiralis infection.","volume":"39","author":"JL Mu\u00f1oz-Carrillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.36","article-title":"Development and maintenance of intestinal regulatory T cells","volume":"16","author":"T Tanoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.01.001","article-title":"T cells in helminth infection: the regulators and the regulated","volume":"33","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref073","first-page":"172","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Suppresses Th2-Induced by Trichinella spiralis Infection and Downregulates Serine Protease Genes Expression: A Critical Role in Vaccine Development.","volume":"18","author":"EFA Hamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02015","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis Thioredoxin Peroxidase 2 Regulates Protective Th2 Immune Response in Mice by Directly Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages.","volume":"11","author":"QW Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125945","article-title":"Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL\/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance.","volume":"10","author":"A Houlden","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00141-12","article-title":"Alterations in the porcine colon microbiota induced by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris suis","volume":"80","author":"RW Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000046503","article-title":"Morphological descriptions of the egg and larval stages of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788","volume":"67","author":"RJ Beer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002880","article-title":"Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"SC Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011893.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074957","article-title":"Bacterial community mapping of the mouse gastrointestinal tract.","volume":"8","author":"S Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.07.012","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis infection ameliorated diet-induced obesity model in mice","volume":"51","author":"SA Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104499","article-title":"Relevance of Helminth-Microbiota interplay in the host immune response","volume":"374","author":"G Manuel Corral-Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00498-8","article-title":"Microbial regulation of intestinal motility provides resistance against helminth infection.","volume":"15","author":"M Moyat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00093","article-title":"Environmental and gut bacteroidetes: the food connection","volume":"2","author":"F Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"G den Besten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"7480","key":"ppat.1011893.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"N Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","article-title":"The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease","volume":"9","author":"JL Round","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104263","article-title":"Exposure time determines the protective effect of Trichinella spiralis on experimental colitis","volume":"147","author":"W Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.12.009","article-title":"Loss of SLC26A3 Results in Colonic Mucosal Immune Dysregulation via Epithelial-Immune Cell Crosstalk.","volume":"15","author":"D Jayawardena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)52022-X","article-title":"Redox processes regulate intestinal lamina propria T lymphocytes","volume":"352","author":"B Sido","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000802","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator","volume":"94","author":"J Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"48","key":"ppat.1011893.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18316","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i48.18316","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis attenuates colitis by regulating T cell subset responses","volume":"20","author":"L Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1011893.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.059451","article-title":"Influence of intestinal bacteria on induction of regulatory T cells: lessons from a transfer model of colitis","volume":"54","author":"UG Strauch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1011893.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535244","article-title":"Impaired regulatory T cell function in germ-free mice","volume":"36","author":"S \u00d6stman","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.11.008","article-title":"Cholesterol Accumulation in CD11c(+) Immune Cells Is a Causal and Targetable Factor in Autoimmune Disease.","volume":"45","author":"A Ito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1857-y","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis paramyosin activates mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and induces regulatory T cells","volume":"9","author":"K Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.008","article-title":"Bile Acids Control Inflammation and Metabolic Disorder through Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome.","volume":"45","author":"C Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref097","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome.","volume":"3","author":"Q Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Microbes & Diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.6.906","article-title":"Do the differences between the amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states?","volume":"124","author":"PJ Reeds","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011119","article-title":"Untargeted serum metabolomics analysis of Trichinella spiralis-infected mouse.","volume":"17","author":"P Chienwichai","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.06.007","article-title":"Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces NR8383 cells apoptosis via PKC\/JNK-dependent pathway","volume":"786","author":"X Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29112","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is the limiting host factor of hepatitis B virus infection in macaque and pig hepatocytes","volume":"66","author":"FA Lempp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3703-5","article-title":"Serum metabolomic alterations in Beagle dogs experimentally infected with Toxocara canis.","volume":"12","author":"W-B Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ppat.1011893.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00354-X","article-title":"International Commission on Trichinellosis: recommendations on methods for the control of Trichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption","volume":"93","author":"HR Gamble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011893.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077238","article-title":"Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by a multi-epitope vaccine in a murine model","volume":"8","author":"Y Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90290-H","article-title":"A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"98","author":"I Okayasu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9655-6","article-title":"Effects of liquid metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, faeces characteristics, intestinal morphology and diarrhoea incidence in postweaning piglets.","volume":"43","author":"TV Thu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00073-18","article-title":"Influence of Eimeria falciformis Infection on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways in Mice","volume":"86","author":"G Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"Suppl 1(Suppl 1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","volume":"108","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.707343","article-title":"Editorial: High-Throughput Phenotyping in the Genomic Improvement of Livestock.","volume":"12","author":"FF Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"ppat.1011893.ref110","first-page":"D590","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"16","key":"ppat.1011893.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.112730.110","article-title":"Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons.","volume":"21","author":"BJ Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome research"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1011893.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"issue":"16","key":"ppat.1011893.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1011893.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"ppat.1011893.ref116","first-page":"10","article-title":"Using QIIME to analyze 16S rRNA gene sequences from microbial communities","volume":"10","author":"J Kuczynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current protocols in bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1011893.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000352","article-title":"Statistical methods for detecting differentially abundant features in clinical metagenomic samples","volume":"5","author":"JR White","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS computational biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1011893.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients","volume":"18","author":"H. Akoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish journal of emergency medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1011893.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000254","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of an Echinostoma caproni infection in the mouse for biomarker discovery.","volume":"2","author":"J Saric","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.724","article-title":"O2-PLS for qualitative and quantitative analysis in multivariate calibration","volume":"16","author":"J. Trygg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Chemometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1011893.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-006-9024-6","article-title":"Megavariate analysis of environmental QSAR data. Part I\u2014A basic framework founded on principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), and statistical molecular design (SMD).","volume":"10","author":"L Eriksson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular Diversity"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1011893.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1011893.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1021\/pr5003142","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis reveals a unique urinary pattern in normozoospermic infertile men","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T13:44:59Z","timestamp":1705067099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]}}}