{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1787022211863,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012056","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000}}],"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\u2013249\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\u2013249\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004270","name":"Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VF-2019\u20130110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VF-2019\u20130110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030785","name":"Getinge AB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4\u20131599\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4\u20131599\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201301790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201301790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF22OC0077593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22OC0077593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021828","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus sp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . are a dominant part of the human skin microbiome and present across the body.\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a ubiquitous skin commensal, while\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is thought to colonize at least 30% of the population.\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are not only colonizers but a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and a critical healthcare concern. To understand how healthy human skin may differentiate commensal bacteria, such as\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from the potential pathogen methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA), we use\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    human skin models that allow us to study this host-bacterial interaction in the most clinically relevant environment. Our work highlights the role of the outer stratum corneum as a protective physical barrier against invasion by colonizing Staphylococci. We show how the structural cells of the skin can internalize and respond to different Staphylococci with increasing sensitivity. In intact human skin, a discriminatory IL-1\u03b2 response was identified, while disruption of the protective stratum corneum triggered an increased and more diverse immune response. We identified and localized tissue resident Langerhans cells (LCs) as a potential source of IL-1\u03b2 and go on to show a dose-dependent response of MUTZ-LCs to\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    but not\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This suggests an important role of LCs in sensing and discriminating between bacteria in healthy human skin, particularly in intact skin and provides a detailed snapshot of how human skin differentiates between friend and potential foe. With the rise in antibiotic resistance, understanding the innate immune response of healthy skin may help us find ways to enhance or manipulate these natural defenses to prevent invasive infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T16:12:35Z","timestamp":1724947955000},"page":"e1012056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tissue resident cells differentiate S. aureus from S. epidermidis via IL-1\u03b2 following barrier disruption in healthy human skin"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Brutscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Ehrstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2475-2034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keira","family":"Melican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012056.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"AL Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012056.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x","article-title":"Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence?","volume":"158","author":"AL Cogen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012056.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1586\/edm.10.6","article-title":"Staphylococcus colonization of the skin and antimicrobial peptides","volume":"5","author":"M. Otto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1012056.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13833","article-title":"Into the storm: Chasing the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus from skin colonisation to life-threatening infections","volume":"19","author":"JP O\u2019Gara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012056.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055356","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department","volume":"355","author":"GJ Moran","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10325","key":"ppat.1012056.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1012056.ref007","unstructured":"WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed [Internet]. 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