{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:31:12Z","timestamp":1792798272025,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012145","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI158615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI168873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI168873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI182096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI182096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015283","name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007709","name":"Michigan State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-SPG-Full-3109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-SPG-Full-3109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007709","name":"Michigan State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GS100100-XIDFI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GS100100-XIDFI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>, a maternally transmitted symbiotic bacterium of insects, can suppress a variety of human pathogens in mosquitoes, including malaria-causing <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> in the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> vector. However, the mechanistic basis of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-mediated <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> suppression in mosquitoes is not well understood. In this study, we compared the midgut and carcass transcriptomes of stably infected <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic> with <jats:italic>Wolbachia w<\/jats:italic>AlbB to uninfected mosquitoes in order to discover <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection-responsive immune genes that may play a role in <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-mediated anti-<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> activity. We show that <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>AlbB infection upregulates 10 putative immune genes and downregulates 14 in midguts, while it upregulates 31 putative immune genes and downregulates 15 in carcasses at 24 h after blood-fed feeding, the time at which the <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> ookinetes are traversing the midgut tissue. Only a few of these regulated immune genes were also significantly differentially expressed between <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-infected and non-infected midguts and carcasses of sugar-fed mosquitoes. Silencing of the <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection-responsive immune genes <jats:italic>TEP 4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TEP 15<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>lysozyme C2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CLIPB2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CLIPB4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PGRP-LD<\/jats:italic> and two novel genes (a <jats:italic>peritrophin-44-like<\/jats:italic> gene and a <jats:italic>macro domain-encoding gene<\/jats:italic>) resulted in a significantly greater permissiveness to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection. These results indicate that <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection modulates mosquito immunity and other processes that are likely to decrease <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> permissiveness to <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T17:44:46Z","timestamp":1712771086000},"page":"e1012145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Wolbachia infection-responsive immune genes suppress Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Vandana","family":"Vandana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengzhang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanaya","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6755-8111","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Dimopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012145.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24654-z","article-title":"Combating 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