{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T07:22:50Z","timestamp":1778138570367,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012179","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000}}],"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI155416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI155416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington Royalty Research Fund","award":["A172539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A172539"]}]},{"name":"University of Washington","award":["UWPR95794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UWPR95794"]}]},{"name":"Fred Hutch\/University of Washington\/Seattle Children\u2019s Cancer Consortium","award":["P30 CA015704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA015704"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD026741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD026741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne +ssRNA virus belonging to the\n                    <jats:italic>Togaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . VEEV is found throughout Central and South America and is responsible for periodic epidemic\/epizootic outbreaks of febrile and encephalitic disease in equines and humans. Endemic\/enzootic VEEV is transmitted between Culex mosquitoes and sylvatic rodents, whereas epidemic\/epizootic VEEV is transmitted between mosquitoes and equids, which serve as amplification hosts during outbreaks. Epizootic VEEV emergence has been shown to arise from mutation of enzootic VEEV strains. Specifically, epizootic VEEV has been shown to acquire amino acid mutations in the E2 viral glycoprotein that facilitate viral entry and equine amplification. However, the abundance of synonymous mutations which accumulate across the epizootic VEEV genome suggests that other viral determinants such as RNA secondary structure may also play a role in VEEV emergence. In this study we identify novel RNA structures in the E1 gene which specifically alter replication fitness of epizootic VEEV in macrophages but not other cell types. We show that SNPs are conserved within epizootic lineages and that RNA structures are conserved across different lineages. We also identified several novel RNA-binding proteins that are necessary for altered macrophage replication. These results suggest that emergence of VEEV in nature requires multiple mutations across the viral genome, some of which alter cell-type specific replication fitness in an RNA structure-dependent manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T13:39:20Z","timestamp":1727444360000},"page":"e1012179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["RNA structures within Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E1 alter macrophage replication fitness and contribute to viral emergence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Hickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-1672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1012179.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis","volume":"49","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012179.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020136","article-title":"Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia","volume":"9","author":"C Ferro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012179.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1718-1730.2002","article-title":"Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the e2 envelope glycoprotein are associated 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