{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:14:01Z","timestamp":1790356441558,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012312","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82372249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program (Overseas) 2022"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020593","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Beijing University of Chemical Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K20240145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K20240145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["NIH AI158124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH AI158124"]}]},{"name":"UT Southwestern Edowed Scholar Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001447","name":"Rita Allen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alphaviruses are mosquito borne RNA viruses that are a reemerging public health threat. Alphaviruses have a broad host range, and can cause diverse disease outcomes like arthritis, and encephalitis. The host ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays critical roles in regulating cellular processes to control the infections with various viruses, including alphaviruses. Previous studies suggest alphaviruses hijack UPS for virus infection, but the molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In addition, whether certain E3 ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases act as alphavirus restriction factors remains poorly understood. Here, we employed a cDNA expression screen to identify E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32 as a novel intrinsic restriction factor against alphavirus infection, including VEEV-TC83, SINV, and ONNV. Ectopic expression of TRIM32 reduces alphavirus infection, whereas depletion of TRIM32 with CRISPR-Cas9 increases infection. We demonstrate that TRIM32 inhibits alphaviruses through a mechanism that is independent of the TRIM32-STING-IFN axis. Combining reverse genetics and biochemical assays, we found that TRIM32 interferes with genome translation after membrane fusion, prior to replication of the incoming viral genome. Furthermore, our data indicate that the monoubiquitination of TRIM32 is important for its antiviral activity. Notably, we also show two TRIM32 pathogenic mutants R394H and D487N, related to Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), have a loss of antiviral activity against VEEV-TC83. Collectively, these results reveal that TRIM32 acts as a novel intrinsic restriction factor suppressing alphavirus infection and provides insights into the interaction between alphaviruses and the host UPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T13:43:07Z","timestamp":1731332587000},"page":"e1012312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["TRIM32 inhibits Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection by targeting a late step in viral entry"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingdong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-6800","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John W.","family":"Schoggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0554-1362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenchun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mosquitoes as suitable vectors for alphaviruses","volume":"10","author":"EXY Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30491-6","article-title":"Arthritogenic alphaviruses: epidemiological and clinical perspective on emerging arboviruses","volume":"21","author":"A Zaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref003","first-page":"11","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular basis of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis and vaccine development","author":"A Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30021-4","article-title":"Arboviruses and pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects","volume":"1","author":"C Charlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Heal"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immune Response to Chikungunya Virus Infection","volume":"8","author":"ISB Tanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0121-3","article-title":"Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses","volume":"557","author":"R Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2915-3","article-title":"LDLRAD3 is a receptor for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"588","author":"H Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04326-0","article-title":"VLDLR and ApoER2 are receptors for multiple alphaviruses","volume":"602","author":"LE Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012312.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"New World and Old World Alphaviruses Have Evolved to Exploit Different Components of Stress Granules, FXR and G3BP Proteins, for Assembly of Viral Replication Complexes","volume":"12","author":"DY Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS 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