{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1774958571358,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012327","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000}}],"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI083640, AI152235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI083640, AI152235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM122535, AI148844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM122535, AI148844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI078958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI078958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (or\n                    <jats:italic>Borreliella<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a motile and invasive zoonotic pathogen adept at navigating between its arthropod vector and mammalian host. While motility and chemotaxis are well known to be essential for its enzootic cycle, the role of each methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) in the infectious cycle of\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains unclear. In this study, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a gene encoding one of the most abundant MCPs in\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is differentially expressed in response to environmental signals and at distinct stages of the pathogen\u2019s enzootic cycle. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression is regulated by the Hk1-Rrp1 and Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS pathways, two key regulatory pathways that are critical for the spirochete\u2019s colonization of the tick vector and mammalian host, respectively. Infection experiments with an\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant revealed that spirochetes lacking MCP5 were unable to establish infections in either C3H\/HeN mice or Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, which are deficient in adaptive immunity, underscoring MCP5\u2019s critical role in mammalian infection. However, the\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant was able to establish infection and disseminate in NOD SCID Gamma (NSG) mice, which are deficient in both adaptive and most innate immune responses, suggesting that MCP5 plays an important role in evading host innate immunity. Moreover, NK cell depletion in C3H and SCID mice restored the infectivity of the\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant, further highlighting MCP5\u2019s role in evading NK cell-associated immunity. Co-culture assays with NK cells and macrophages revealed that the\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant enhanced interferon-gamma production by NK cells. In the tick vector, the\n                    <jats:italic>mcp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants survived feeding but failed to transmit to mice. These findings reveal that MCP5, regulated by both the Rrp1 and Rrp2 pathways, is critical for establishing infection in mammalian hosts by evading NK cell-mediated host innate immunity and is important for the transmission of spirochetes from ticks to mammalian hosts. This work provides a foundation for further elucidation of chemotactic signals sensed by MCP5 that facilitate\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    in evading host defenses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T13:52:01Z","timestamp":1735566721000},"page":"e1012327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MCP5, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein regulated by both the Hk1-Rrp1 and Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS pathways, is required for the immune evasion of Borrelia burgdorferi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sajith","family":"Raghunandanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Priya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching Wooen","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7231-3167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"X. Frank","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012327.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-021-01380-3","article-title":"Escherichia coli chemotaxis is information limited","volume":"17","author":"H Mattingly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012327.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1524","article-title":"Making sense of it all: bacterial chemotaxis","volume":"5","author":"GH Wadhams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012327.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01424-0","article-title":"Bacterial chemotaxis","volume":"13","author":"DJ Webre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012327.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.07.004","article-title":"CheV: CheW-like coupling proteins at the core of the chemotaxis signaling network","volume":"18","author":"RP Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012327.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.10.003","article-title":"Receptor clustering and signal processing in Escherichia coli chemotaxis","volume":"12","author":"V. 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