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The symbiont is predominantly localized in the reproductive organs and is transmitted vertically from mother to offspring and horizontally (sexually) during mating. Due to the contribution of both transmission routes,\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    has the potential to spread through target vector populations and become established at high prevalence. Stable and efficient vertical transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    is important for its sustainable use for malaria control, however, the vertical transmission efficiency of\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    can vary. In this study, we investigate the mechanistic basis of\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    vertical transmission in\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We show that vertical transmission occurs through the acquisition of\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    by\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    cystocyte progenitors following the division of germline stem cells. We also show that\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    replicates to increase infection intensity in the oocyte of developing eggs when mosquitoes take a blood meal suggesting that symbiont proliferation in the ovary is coordinated with egg development. The rate of\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission to developing eggs is on average higher than the recorded (mother to adult offspring) vertical transmission rate. This likely indicates that a significant proportion of\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    offspring lose their\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    symbionts during development. The stability of germline stem cell infections, coordination of symbiont proliferation, and very high rate of transmission from germline stem cells to developing eggs indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                    has a highly specialized vertical transmission strategy in\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which may explain host specificity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T13:47:04Z","timestamp":1731332824000},"page":"e1012340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Plasmodium transmission-blocking symbiont, Microsporidia MB, is vertically transmitted through Anopheles arabiensis germline stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-9449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas Ogao","family":"Onchuru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Edmond","family":"Makhulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purity Cassandra","family":"Ronnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stancy","family":"Mandere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidel Gabriel","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Gichuhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-7275","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremy Keith","family":"Herren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7446","key":"ppat.1012340.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012340.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8160","article-title":"Assessing the global threat from Zika virus","volume":"353","author":"J Lessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1012340.ref003","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2022","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012340.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04052-6","article-title":"Malaria prevention interventions beyond long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review","volume":"21","author":"S Nalinya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1012340.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000676","article-title":"Resurgence of malaria in Uganda despite sustained indoor residual spraying and repeated long lasting insecticidal net distributions","volume":"2","author":"A Epstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012340.ref006","article-title":"A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with Dengue, Chikungunya, and","volume":"139","author":"LA Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plasmodium. 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