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Infected patients show strong systemic inflammation and immune cell activation. NK cells are highly activated in HFRS, suggesting that also other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) might be responding to infection. Here, we characterized peripheral ILC responses, and measured plasma levels of soluble factors and plasma viral load, in 17 Puumala virus (PUUV)-infected HFRS patients. This revealed an increased frequency of ILC2 in patients, in particular the ILC2 lineage-committed c-Kit<jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup> ILC2 subset. Patients\u2019 ILCs showed an activated profile with increased proliferation and displayed altered expression of several homing markers. How ILCs are activated during viral infection is largely unknown. When analyzing PUUV-mediated activation of ILCs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> we observed that this was dependent on type I interferons, suggesting a role for type I interferons\u2014produced in response to virus infection\u2013in the activation of ILCs. Further, stimulation of na\u00efve ILC2s with IFN-\u03b2 affected ILC2 cytokine responses <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, causing decreased IL-5 and IL-13, and increased IL-10, CXCL10, and GM-CSF secretion. These results show that ILCs are activated in HFRS patients and suggest that the classical antiviral type I IFNs are involved in shaping ILC functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T17:54:39Z","timestamp":1721670879000},"page":"e1012390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Innate lymphoid cells are activated in HFRS, and their function can be modulated by hantavirus-induced type I interferons"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Carrasco 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