{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:14:41Z","timestamp":1788268481750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012502","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222546\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222546\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203151\/Z\/16\/Z,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203151\/Z\/16\/Z,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203151\/A\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203151\/A\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_PC_17230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_PC_17230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/T020733\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T020733\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Whipworms (\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp) are ubiquitous parasites of humans and domestic and wild mammals that cause chronic disease, considerably impacting human and animal health. Egg hatching is a critical phase in the whipworm life cycle that marks the initiation of infection, with newly hatched larvae rapidly migrating to and invading host intestinal epithelial cells. Hatching is triggered by the host microbiota; however, the physical and chemical interactions between bacteria and whipworm eggs, as well as the bacterial and larval responses that result in the disintegration of the polar plug and larval eclosion, are not completely understood. Here, we examined hatching in the murine whipworm,\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and investigated the role of specific bacterial and larval structures and molecules in this process. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we characterised the physical interactions of both fimbriated (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and non-fimbriated (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus)<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria with the egg polar plugs during the induction\/initiation stage, and visualised the effects of structural changes in the polar plugs, leading to larval eclosion. Further, we found that protease inhibitors blocked whipworm hatching induced by both fimbriated and non-fimbriated bacteria in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the partial involvement of bacterial enzymes in this process. In addition, we identified the minimal egg developmental timing required for whipworm hatching, and transcriptomic analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs through embryonation revealed the specific upregulation of serine proteases (S01A family) in fully embryonated eggs containing \u2018hatch-ready\u2019 L1 larvae. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of serine proteases with the serine-protease inhibitor Pefabloc ablated\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    egg hatching induced by bacteria. Collectively, our findings unravel the temporal and physicochemical bacterial-egg interactions leading to whipworm hatching and indicate serine proteases of both bacterial and larval origin mediate these processes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:45:08Z","timestamp":1737985508000},"page":"e1012502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hatching of whipworm eggs induced by bacterial contact is serine-protease dependent"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Goulding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Tolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapoka T.","family":"Mkandawire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Airs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9581-0377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Berriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-0412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Duque-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"PM Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0171-3","article-title":"Whipworm and roundworm infections.","volume":"6","author":"KJ Else","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref003","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Parasitology","author":"IC Hubbard","year":"2023"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0348-2","article-title":"Trichuris muris: a model of gastrointestinal parasite infection.","volume":"34","author":"JE Klementowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31487-x","article-title":"Population genomics of ancient and modern Trichuris trichiura","volume":"13","author":"SR Doyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626120","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.626120","article-title":"Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) from human and non-human primates: Morphology, biometry, host specificity, molecular characterization, and phylogeny.","volume":"7","author":"J Rivero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref007","first-page":"22","article-title":"Molecular species identification of Trichuris trichiura in African green monkey on St. Kitts, West Indies.","volume":"11","author":"C Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187703","article-title":"Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris","volume":"328","author":"KS Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1139\/z81-091","article-title":"The hatching process in Trichuris muris (Nematoda: Trichuroidea).","volume":"59","author":"TS Panesar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29334-0","article-title":"Defining the early stages of intestinal colonisation by whipworms.","volume":"13","author":"MA Duque-Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1139\/z78-258","article-title":"The morphology of the attachment and probable feeding site of the nematode Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788) Hall, 1916.","volume":"56","author":"TD Lee","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925723","article-title":"The early phase of tissue invasion by Trichuris muris (nematoda: Trichuroidea).","volume":"66","author":"TS Panesar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1139\/z89-330","article-title":"The moulting pattern in Trichuris muris (Nematoda: Trichuroidea).","volume":"67","author":"TS Panesar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117862","article-title":"Experimental studies on certain factors influencing the development and viability of the ova of the human Trichuris as compared with those of the human Ascaris","author":"LO Nolf","year":"1932","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.10.031","article-title":"Temperature dependent embryonic development of Trichuris suis eggs in a medicinal raw material","volume":"215","author":"N Vejzagi\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790311","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.790311","article-title":"Un-\u201cEgg\u201d-Plored: Characterisation of Embryonation in the Whipworm Model Organism Trichuris muris.","volume":"2","author":"R Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis."},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3271397","article-title":"Studies on the Rate of Development and Viability of the Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura under Field Conditions","volume":"14","author":"HW Brown","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200001876X","article-title":"An investigation on the life cycle of Trichuris muris","volume":"44","author":"MA Fahmy","year":"1954","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000046497","article-title":"Studies on the biology of the life-cycle of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788","volume":"67","author":"RJ Beer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-019-00273-3","article-title":"Nematode parasite eggs in pasture soils and pigs on organic farms in Sweden.","volume":"10","author":"K Lindgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organic Agriculture"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.121.2.43","article-title":"Field observations on the longevity of Trichuris suis ova","volume":"121","author":"DJ Burden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.08.008","article-title":"Hatching of parasitic nematode eggs: a crucial step determining infection","volume":"38","author":"TT Mkandawire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023007","article-title":"Nematode eggshells: A new anatomical and terminological framework, with a critical review of relevant literature and suggested guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of eggshell imagery.","volume":"30","author":"AT Bond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-8166(16)30338-X","article-title":"Structure and chemistry of the egg-shell of a nematode (Trichuris suis).","volume":"10","author":"DA Wharton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tissue Cell."},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000046503","article-title":"Morphological descriptions of the egg and larval stages of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788","volume":"67","author":"RJ Beer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref026","first-page":"219","article-title":"The structure of the shell and polar plugs of the egg of the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from the Samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis).","volume":"56","author":"CC Appleton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928339","article-title":"Trichuris muris: structure and formation of the egg polar plugs","volume":"71","author":"CM Preston","year":"1985","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200005616X","article-title":"Nematode egg-shells","volume":"81","author":"D. Wharton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00004995","article-title":"The development of the early larval stages of Trichuris muris in the albino laboratory mouse","volume":"43","author":"D. Wakelin","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(80)90006-5","article-title":"The location of parasites within their hosts: Site selection by Trichuris muris in the laboratory mouse","author":"TS Panesar","year":"1980","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap7399","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap7399","article-title":"Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection.","volume":"4","author":"EC White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref032","first-page":"2021.08.02.454806","volume-title":"Microbial byproducts determine reproductive fitness of free-living and parasitic nematodes","author":"M Venzon","year":"2021"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011647","article-title":"Bacterial contact induces polar plug disintegration to mediate whipworm egg hatching.","volume":"19","author":"A Robertson","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111725","article-title":"Clostridia isolated from helminth-colonized humans promote the life cycle of Trichuris species","volume":"41","author":"S Sargsian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2023.10.001","article-title":"Trichuris muris egg-hatching assay for anthelminthic drug discovery and characterization","volume":"23","author":"A Sch\u00e4rer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3300-z","article-title":"Evidence for bacteria-independent hatching of Trichuris muris eggs","volume":"112","author":"K. Koyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0986-z","article-title":"Bacteria-induced egg hatching differs for Trichuris muris and Trichuris suis.","volume":"8","author":"N Vejzagi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref038","author":"TT Mkandawire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Characterisation of Host- Parasite- Microbiota Interactions that Drive Hatching in Trichuris Species"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01458-08","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Pyocin Production Affects Population Dynamics within Mixed-Culture Biofilms","volume":"191","author":"D. Waite Richard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000072395","article-title":"Acquired immunity to Trichuris muris in the albino laboratory mouse","volume":"57","author":"D. Wakelin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007265","article-title":"Exclusive dependence of IL-10R\u03b1 signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection.","volume":"15","author":"MA Duque-Correa","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3109\/10520297509117069","article-title":"Modified thiocarbohydrazide procedure for scanning electron microscopy: routine use for normal, pathological, or experimental tissues.","volume":"50","author":"LE Malick","year":"1975","journal-title":"Stain Technol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","article-title":"MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report","volume":"32","author":"P Ewels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7737-6_15","article-title":"Using WormBase ParaSite: An Integrated Platform for Exploring Helminth Genomic Data.","volume":"1757","author":"BJ Bolt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0816-888d","article-title":"Erratum: Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification","volume":"34","author":"NL Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00093-07","article-title":"Assembly of fimbrial structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: functionality and specificity of chaperone-usher machineries","volume":"189","author":"S Ruer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9086-0_24","volume-title":"Pseudomonas: Volume 1 Genomics, Life Style and Molecular Architecture.","author":"A Filloux","year":"2004"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref049","first-page":"559","article-title":"On the properties of the egg envelopes of the parasitic uematodes Trichuris and Copillar\u00eda.","volume":"6","author":"L Monnb","year":"1954"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref050","first-page":"516","article-title":"Gelification of the membranous film of the crab\u2019s shell during molting","volume":"67","author":"C. Jeuniaux","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch Int Physiol Biochim"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1964394527","article-title":"Chitine et chitinolyse","volume":"39","author":"C. Jeuniaux","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1201\/b12614-7","volume-title":"Biology of Nematodes","author":"RN Perry","year":"2002"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.7.3303-3310.1998","article-title":"In vivo phase variation of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbrial genes in women with urinary tract infection","volume":"66","author":"JK Lim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0180341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180341","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells attached to a surface display a typical proteome early as 20 minutes of incubation.","volume":"12","author":"M Crouzet","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3161","article-title":"Adhesion, invasion and evasion: the many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"TJ Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.2307\/3285733","article-title":"The morphogenesis of Ascaris suum to the infective third-stage larvae within the egg","volume":"85","author":"PL Geenen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.2307\/3278202","article-title":"Chitinase in developing eggs of Ascaris suum (Nematoda).","volume":"58","author":"KA Ward","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90054-2","article-title":"Chitinolytic activities in Heligmosomoides polygyrus and their role in egg hatching","volume":"58","author":"K Arnold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011930","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011930","article-title":"Host gastric corpus microenvironment facilitates Ascaris suum larval hatching and infection in a murine model.","volume":"18","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1021\/cr010182v","article-title":"Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases","volume":"102","author":"JC Powers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2010.04.013","article-title":"Peptidase inhibitors in the MEROPS database","volume":"92","author":"ND Rawlings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ppat.1012502.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)00151-8","article-title":"The role of trehalose in the physiology of nematodes","volume":"27","author":"CA Behm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012502","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T13:50:43Z","timestamp":1739368243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012502"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adler R.","family":"Dillman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012502","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.08.15.608065","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}