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While the clinical manifestations caused by both species are similar, species-specific differences exist in environmental niches, disease epidemiology, and genomic content. One such difference is the presence of a genomic locus predicted to encode a capsule. Here, we show that <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>longbeachae<\/jats:italic> indeed expresses a capsule in post-exponential growth phase as evidenced by electron microscopy analyses, and that capsule expression is abrogated when deleting a capsule transporter gene. Capsule purification and its analysis <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> HLPC revealed the presence of a highly anionic polysaccharide that is absent in the capsule mutant. The capsule is important for replication and virulence <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in a mouse model of infection and in the natural host <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>. It has anti-phagocytic function when encountering innate immune cells such as human macrophages and it is involved in the low cytokine responses in mice and in human monocyte derived macrophages, thus dampening the innate immune response. Thus, the here characterized <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>longbeachae<\/jats:italic> capsule is a novel virulence factor, unique among the known <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> species, which may aid <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>longbeachae<\/jats:italic> to survive in its specific niches and which partly confers <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>longbeachae<\/jats:italic> its unique infection characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T17:38:26Z","timestamp":1726076306000},"page":"e1012534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The unique Legionella longbeachae capsule favors intracellular replication and immune evasion"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Silke","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Mondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gomez-Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Escoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle P. 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