{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:32:54Z","timestamp":1791995574365,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101000467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology-icipe partner group"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[HORIZON-CL6-2021-FARM2FORK-01-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[HORIZON-CL6-2021-FARM2FORK-01-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009131","name":"Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000974","name":"Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Norway","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013987","name":"Government of the Republic of Kenya","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013987","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    flies are widely distributed and economically significant vectors of various livestock pathogens of veterinary importance. However, the role of\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in pathogen transmission is poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the feeding patterns of these blood feeders collected from specific locations in Kenya to identify various vertebrate hosts they fed on, the livestock hemopathogens they carried, and to elucidate their role in pathogens transmission. Our findings show that field-collected\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    flies carried several pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., which were also detected in the blood of sampled livestock, namely camels and cattle. The findings on blood meal analysis show that\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    flies fed on various domestic and wild vertebrate hosts. We further determined whether\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are vectors of hemopathogens they harbored by studying the vector competence of\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys calcitrans, S. niger niger,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. boueti<\/jats:italic>\n                    species complex, through laboratory and natural experimental\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies. We show that in the process of blood feeding\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. complexes can transmit\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.3%) and\n                    <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    (30%) to Swiss white mice. In addition, field-collected\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were exposed to healthy mice for blood meal acquisition, and in the process of feeding, they transmitted\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. to Swiss white mice (100% infection in the test mice group). All mice infected with trypanosomes via\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    bite died while those infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    species did not, demonstrating the virulence difference between pathogens. The key finding of this study showing the wide distribution, broad feeding host range, plethora of pathogens harbored, and efficient vector competence in spreading multiple pathogens suggests the significant role of\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    on pathogen transmission and infection prevalence in livestock.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T13:57:59Z","timestamp":1746539879000},"page":"e1012570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae) are competent vectors of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma vivax, and other livestock hemopathogens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Julia W.","family":"Muita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Bargul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JohnMark O.","family":"Makwatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest M.","family":"Ngatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon K.","family":"Tawich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-9236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Merid N.","family":"Getahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012570.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3390\/d15050600","article-title":"Global Diversity, Distribution, and Genetic Studies of Stable Flies (Stomoxys sp.)","volume":"15","author":"G Duvallet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00762.x","article-title":"Feeding habits of Stomoxys spp. stable flies in a Kenyan forest","volume":"10","author":"S Mihok","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012570.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00896-2","article-title":"Molecular characterization of pathogenic African trypanosomes in biting flies and camels in surra-endemic areas outside the tsetse fly belt in Kenya","volume":"42","author":"MN Getahun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Trop Insect Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012570.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X(2008)37[625:SFIASF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sugar Feeding in Adult Stable Flies","volume":"37","author":"DB Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013026","article-title":"Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review","volume":"20","author":"F Baldacchino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref006","article-title":"The impact of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans l.) on small stock production in Bodibeng, Bothatogo and Sehithwa in the north west district, Botswana; a survey study","author":"M John Cassius","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.188","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by hematophagous Diptera","volume":"34","author":"AL Hoch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30753-7","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of capripox virus and African swine fever virus by Stomoxys calcitrans","volume":"43","author":"PS Mellor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56605-6","article-title":"Experimental evidence of mechanical lumpy skin disease virus transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies","volume":"9","author":"C Sohier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis in dairy herds from Costa Rica","volume":"177","author":"JB Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10050","article-title":"Economic impact of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy and beef cattle production","volume":"49","author":"DB Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1012570.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101476","article-title":"The Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) as a Possible Vector Transmitting Pathogens in Austrian Pig Farms","volume":"8","author":"L Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00004454","article-title":"The life cycles of dipetalonematid Nematodes (Filarioidea, Dipetalonematidae): the problem of their evolution","volume":"31","author":"RC Anderson","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref014","unstructured":"Hadi AM. Isolation and identification of some blood parasites from midgut of stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). 2012."},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1998.00131.x","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi and T. congolense by Stomoxys niger and S. taeniatus in a laboratory mouse model","volume":"12","author":"AL Sumba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012570.ref016","first-page":"103","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma spp. by African Stomoxyinae (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"46","author":"S Mihok","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407898","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5407898","article-title":"Biting Flies and Associated Pathogens in Camels in Amibara District of Afar Region, Ethiopia","volume":"2024","author":"A Chalchisa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.06.029","article-title":"Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT\/T. evansi tests in Kenya","volume":"124","author":"ZK Njiru","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact estimation of animal trypanosomosis (surra) on livestock productivity in India using simulation model: Current and future perspective","volume":"10","author":"R Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1556-5_11","article-title":"Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Typanosomosis in Latin America: Secadera\/Huequera\/Cacho Hueco.","volume-title":"Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis","author":"MI Gonzatti","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3311-4","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi","volume":"12","author":"WG Aregawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.001","article-title":"The role of wild rodents in the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi infection in an endemic area of the Canary Islands (Spain)","volume":"174","author":"NF Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref023","author":"F Zumpt","year":"1973"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00750.x","article-title":"Phenology of Stomoxyinae in a Kenyan forest","volume":"10","author":"S Mihok","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ppat.1012570.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2473-4810.1000115","article-title":"Breeding Sites of Stomoxys spp (Diptera: Muscidae), a Preliminary Study in the Makokou Region (North-East-Gabon)","volume":"02","author":"JF Mavoungou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Biol J"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4137\/IJIS.S21647","article-title":"Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Dispersal and Governing Factors","volume":"7","author":"AT Showler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Insect Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3636943","article-title":"Factors Influencing Seasonal and Daily Dynamics of the Genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), in the Adamawa Plateau, Cameroon","volume":"2019","author":"SS Lendzele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012570.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1998.00097.x","article-title":"Host preferences of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on bloodmeal identifications","volume":"12","author":"PH Clausen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.08.010163.001213","article-title":"Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse fly problem in Africa","volume":"8","author":"KC Willett","year":"1963","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012570.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12358","article-title":"Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources and trypanosomes in Glossina spp., Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. trapped on cattle farm settlements in southwest Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"PO Odeniran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00608.x","article-title":"Behavioural responses of dairy cattle to the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in an open field environment","volume":"20","author":"BA Mullens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref032","article-title":"Tracking zoonotic pathogens using blood-sucking flies as \u201cflying syringes\u201d","volume":"6","author":"P-Y Bitome-Essono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012570.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(94)00155-N","article-title":"Studies on the synthesis and secretion of trypsin in the midgut of Stomoxys calcitrans","volume":"110","author":"MR Moffatt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Part B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref034","first-page":"611","article-title":"Ecology of stomoxyine fulies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Gabon. II. Blood meals analysis a nd epidemiologic consequences","volume":"15","author":"JF Mavoungou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00096-0","article-title":"Feeding patterns of three sympatric tsetse species (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the preforest zone of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"75","author":"J Sp\u00e4th","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012570.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017284","article-title":"Tracking the feeding patterns of tsetse flies (Glossina genus) by analysis of bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochromes genes","volume":"6","author":"CN Muturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012570.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.17221\/1861-VETMED","article-title":"Bacteria of the genus Anaplasma - characteristics of Anaplasma and their vectors: a review","volume":"53","author":"A Rymaszewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012570.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009671","article-title":"Transmission of \u201cCandidatus Anaplasma camelii\u201d to mice and rabbits by camel-specific keds, Hippobosca camelina","volume":"15","author":"JL Bargul","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04041-1","article-title":"DNA of Theileria orientalis, T. equi and T. capreoli in stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)","volume":"13","author":"S Hornok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012570.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060741","article-title":"High Prevalence and New Genotype of Coxiella burnetii in Ticks Infesting Camels in Somalia","volume":"10","author":"D Frangoulidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004","article-title":"Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad","volume":"61","author":"E Schelling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012570.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.06.014","article-title":"The Importance of Ticks in Q Fever Transmission: What Has (and Has Not) Been Demonstrated?","volume":"31","author":"O Duron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012570.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071414","article-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Associated with Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern Kenya","volume":"9","author":"D Getange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012570.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060679","article-title":"Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System","volume":"10","author":"S Magez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08102-z","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans in a region without a cyclic vector","volume":"123","author":"LM Heller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref046","article-title":"Enhanced Attraction of Arthropod Vectors to Infected Vertebrates: A Review of Empirical Evidence","volume":"8","author":"C-S Cozzarolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012570.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011184295","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts","volume":"18","author":"CM Wombou Toukam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012570.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(97)00081-0","article-title":"A new probability formula for surveys to substantiate freedom from disease","volume":"34","author":"AR Cameron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref049","article-title":"Multimodal interactions in Stomoxys navigation reveals synergy between olfaction and vision","author":"MN Getahun","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012570.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00405-24","article-title":"Exploring the dynamic adult hard ticks-camel-pathogens interaction","volume":"9","author":"JO Makwatta","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13021.2","article-title":"Detection of blood pathogens in camels and their associated ectoparasitic camel biting keds, Hippobosca camelina: the potential application of keds in xenodiagnosis of camel haemopathogens","volume":"2","author":"KO Kidambasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAS Open Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012570.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012570.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"S Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref054","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2010"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646367","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.646367","article-title":"Supplementing Blood Diet With Plant Nectar Enhances Egg Fertility in Stomoxys calcitrans","volume":"12","author":"SK Tawich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref056","article-title":"Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), Improve Offspring Fitness by Avoiding Oviposition Substrates With Competitors or Parasites","volume":"8","author":"SBS Baleba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012570.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1258\/002367794780745209","article-title":"Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds","volume":"28","author":"GO Evans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012570.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid \u201cmatching\u201d method for estimating the host\u2019s parasitemia","volume":"40","author":"WJ Herbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref059","article-title":"Methods of blood collection in the mouse","volume":"29","author":"J Hoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"ppat.1012570.ref060","article-title":"Introducing the bipartite package: Analysing ecological networks","volume":"8","author":"C Dormann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013712","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T13:59:50Z","timestamp":1747317590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Junwei J.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}