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Human pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including the plague agent\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its close relative\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , require the type III secretion system (T3SS) virulence factor to subvert host defense mechanisms and colonize host tissues. The\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    T3SS is encoded on the IncFII plasmid for\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence (pYV). Several layers of gene regulation enable a large increase in expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    T3SS genes at mammalian body temperature. Surprisingly, T3SS expression is also controlled at the level of gene dosage. The number of pYV molecules relative to the number of chromosomes per cell, referred to as plasmid copy number, increases with temperature. The ability to increase and maintain elevated pYV plasmid copy number, and therefore T3SS gene dosage, at 37\u02daC is important for\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence. In addition, pYV is highly stable in\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    at all temperatures, despite being dispensable for growth outside the host. Yet how\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    reinforces elevated plasmid replication and plasmid stability remains unclear. In this study, we show that the chromosomal gene\n                    <jats:italic>pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding the polyadenylase PAP I is required for regulation of pYV plasmid copy number (PCN), maintenance of pYV in the bacterial population outside the host, robust T3SS activity, and\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence in a mouse infection model. Likewise,\n                    <jats:italic>pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/PAP I is required for robust expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    T3SS that, similar to\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is encoded on a virulence plasmid whose replication is regulated by sRNA. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/PAP I is required for maintaining model antimicrobial resistance (AMR) plasmids whose replication is regulated by sRNA, thereby increasing antibiotic resistance by ten-fold. These data suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/PAP I contributes to the spread and stabilization of sRNA-regulated virulence and AMR plasmids in bacterial pathogens, and is essential in maintaining the gene dosage required to mediate plasmid-encoded traits. Importantly\n                    <jats:italic>pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/PAP I has been bioinformatically identified in many species of bacteria despite being studied in only a few species to date. Our work highlights the potential importance of\n                    <jats:italic>pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/PAP I in antibiotic resistance, and shows for the first time that\n                    <jats:italic>pcnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/PAP I promotes virulence plasmid stability in natural pathogenic hosts with a direct impact on bacterial virulence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T16:02:07Z","timestamp":1748361727000},"page":"e1012655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The polyadenylase PAPI is required for virulence plasmid maintenance in pathogenic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele E.","family":"Muscolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Braly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua W.","family":"McCausland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanh 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