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Its colonization history in the region is rich and complex, and is still highly debated, especially about its origin(s). Our study employed cutting-edge population genomic techniques to analyze whole genome variation from 620 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> isolates, including 107 newly sequenced samples from West Africa, Middle East, and Latin America. This sampling represents nearly all potential source populations worldwide currently available. Analyses of the genetic structure, diversity, ancestry, coalescent-based inferences, including demographic scenario testing using Approximate Bayesian Computation, have revealed a more complex evolutionary history than previously envisioned. Indeed, our analyses suggest that the current American <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> populations predominantly stemmed from a now-extinct European lineage, with the potential contribution also from unsampled populations, most likely of West African origin. We also found evidence that <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> arrived in Latin America in multiple waves, initially during early European contact and later through post-colonial human migration waves in the late 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>-century. This study provides a fresh perspective on <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\u2019s intricate evolutionary journey and brings insights into the possible contribution of West African <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> populations to the colonization history of Latin America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T19:07:06Z","timestamp":1736795226000},"page":"e1012811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genomic exploration of the journey of Plasmodium vivax in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-8657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margaux J. 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