{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:54:00Z","timestamp":1787331240943,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000}}],"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs during combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) is associated with chronic inflammation and systemic immune activation in people infected with HIV-1 (PWH), leading to a suboptimal immune reconstitution as well as an increased risk of non-AIDS events. In this study, we assessed the effect of CD24-Fc, a fusion protein with anti-inflammatory properties that interacts with danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and siglec-10, in humanized mice with chronic HIV-1 infection under suppressive cART in vivo and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PWH in vitro. We report that CD24-Fc treatment significantly reduced inflammation and immune hyperactivation in humanized mice with HIV-1 infection and cART. CD24-Fc treatment improved recovery of CD4 T cells, reduced immune hyper-activation, increased functional central memory T cells. Notably, CD24-Fc treatment increased CXCR5\u2009+\u2009CD8 central memory T cells (T<jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub>) with increased HIV-specific polyfunctionality in humanized mice and in PBMC from PWH. This enhanced anti-HIV T cell activity was associated with improved control of HIV-1 viral rebound and reduced HIV-1 pathogenesis upon cART cessation. Our findings indicate that CD24-Fc may provide a promising new therapeutic for treating chronic inflammation and associated diseases in PWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:47:42Z","timestamp":1754675262000},"page":"e1012826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CD24-Fc resolves inflammation and enhances anti-HIV CD8 T cells with polyfunctionality during HIV-1 infection under cART"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2076-609X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haisheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ourania","family":"Tsahouridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoxian","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Funaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-1683","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lishan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10189","key":"ppat.1012826.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30418-0","article-title":"Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study","volume":"393","author":"AJ Rodger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012826.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30132-2","article-title":"Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study","volume":"5","author":"BR Bavinton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012826.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000230","article-title":"Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs: alliance against an HIV cure","volume":"11","author":"M Massanella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833adbcf","article-title":"Long-term increase in CD4+ T-cell counts during combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection","volume":"24","author":"JJ Lok","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012826.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1086\/597093","article-title":"Incomplete peripheral CD4+ cell count restoration in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral treatment","volume":"48","author":"CF Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1086\/510746","article-title":"CD4+ cell count 6 years after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with sustained virologic suppression","volume":"44","author":"RD Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181e8c129","article-title":"Relationship between CD4+ T-cell counts\/HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load and AIDS-defining events among persons followed in the ACTG longitudinal linked randomized trials study","volume":"55","author":"M Smurzynski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f7cb76","article-title":"CD4+ count and risk of non-AIDS diseases following initial treatment for HIV infection","volume":"22","author":"JV Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012826.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir507","article-title":"Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells","volume":"204","author":"MM Lederman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200","article-title":"Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART","volume":"11","author":"S Zicari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012826.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0546-7","article-title":"Serious Non-AIDS Events: Therapeutic Targets of Immune Activation and Chronic Inflammation in HIV Infection","volume":"76","author":"DC Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-10-29","article-title":"Serious Non-AIDS events: Immunopathogenesis and interventional strategies","volume":"10","author":"DC Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626431","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.626431","article-title":"A Matter of Life or Death: Productively Infected and Bystander CD4 T Cells in Early HIV Infection","volume":"11","author":"D Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7484","key":"ppat.1012826.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12940","article-title":"Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection","volume":"505","author":"G Doitsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-1-12","article-title":"Apoptosis of uninfected cells induced by HIV envelope glycoproteins","volume":"1","author":"B Ahr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012826.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0295-129","article-title":"Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes","volume":"1","author":"TH Finkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1012826.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0304859101","article-title":"HIV-1-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: Proximal molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy","volume":"101","author":"Y Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5966","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.5966-5973.2002","article-title":"Effects of antiretroviral drugs on human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced CD4(+) T-cell death","volume":"76","author":"J Estaquier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012826.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138861","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome induces CD4+ T cell loss in chronically HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"131","author":"C Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05861-7","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among Individuals with HIV Mono-infection: A Growing Concern?","volume":"64","author":"M Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000400","article-title":"Changing concepts of HIV infection and renal disease","volume":"27","author":"J Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012826.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"L Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456","article-title":"The inflammatory response to cell death","volume":"3","author":"KL Rock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"5922","key":"ppat.1012826.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168988","article-title":"CD24 and Siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage-induced immune responses","volume":"323","author":"G-Y Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012826.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400759","article-title":"Alarmin(g) news about danger: workshop on innate danger signals and HMGB1","volume":"7","author":"HE Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-021-01663-3","article-title":"Release mechanisms of major DAMPs","volume":"26","author":"A Murao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012826.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00509-y","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Strategies to Reduce Comorbidity Risk in People with HIV","volume":"17","author":"A Kettelhut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89488","article-title":"Targeting type I interferon-mediated activation restores immune function in chronic HIV infection","volume":"127","author":"A Zhen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90745","article-title":"Blocking type I interferon signaling enhances T cell recovery and reduces HIV-1 reservoirs","volume":"127","author":"L Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.94366","article-title":"Type I interferons suppress viral replication but contribute to T cell depletion and dysfunction during chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"2","author":"L Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref031","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells suppress HIV-1 replication but contribute to HIV-1 induced immunopathogenesis in humanized mice","volume":"10","author":"G Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012826.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0452-5","article-title":"CD24Fc protects against viral pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Chinese rhesus monkeys","volume":"17","author":"R-R Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.07.004","article-title":"CD24 and Fc fusion protein protects SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaque against progression to AIDS","volume":"157","author":"R-R Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023020250","article-title":"A phase 2 trial of CD24Fc for prevention of graft-versus-host disease","volume":"143","author":"J Magenau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01222-y","article-title":"Treatment with soluble CD24 attenuates COVID-19-associated systemic immunopathology","volume":"15","author":"N-J Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012826.ref036","article-title":"Identification of pathogenic TRAIL-expressing innate immune cells during HIV-1 infection in humanized mice by scRNA-Seq","volume":"5","author":"L Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00444-7","article-title":"Pathogenic Role of Type I Interferons in HIV-Induced Immune Impairments in Humanized Mice","volume":"16","author":"L Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref038","article-title":"Specific Activation In Vivo of HIV-1 by a Bromodomain Inhibitor from Monocytic Cells in Humanized Mice under Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"93","author":"G Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006819","article-title":"Infection and depletion of CD4+ group-1 innate lymphoid cells by HIV-1 via type-I interferon pathway","volume":"14","author":"J Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1012826.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99005","article-title":"TLR3 agonist and CD40-targeting vaccination induces immune responses and reduces HIV-1 reservoirs","volume":"128","author":"L Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00817","article-title":"Humanized Mice Engrafted With Human HSC Only or HSC and Thymus Support Comparable HIV-1 Replication, Immunopathology, and Responses to ART and Immune Therapy","volume":"9","author":"L Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref042","article-title":"HIV-1 infection depletes human CD34+CD38- hematopoietic progenitor cells via pDC-dependent mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"G Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix547","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Contribute to HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence in CD4+ T Cells Through Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Mechanisms in Humanized Mice In Vivo","volume":"216","author":"G Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"45","key":"ppat.1012826.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.052","article-title":"Human innate responses and adjuvant activity of TLR ligands in vivo in mice reconstituted with a human immune system","volume":"35","author":"L Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1012826.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12266","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.24.12266-12278.2001","article-title":"Adaptive mutations in the V3 loop of gp120 enhance fusogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and enable use of a CCR5 coreceptor that lacks the amino-terminal sulfated region","volume":"75","author":"EJ Platt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.02.012","article-title":"Dissecting How CD4 T Cells Are Lost During HIV Infection","volume":"19","author":"G Doitsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012826.ref047","first-page":"88","article-title":"Failure to reconstitute CD4+ T-cells despite suppression of HIV replication under HAART","volume":"8","author":"F Aiuti","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1086\/695852","article-title":"The absence of CD4+ T cell count recovery despite receipt of virologically suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy: clinical risk, immunological gaps, and therapeutic options","volume":"48","author":"L Gazzola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012826.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200646","article-title":"Programmed death-1 is a marker for abnormal distribution of naive\/memory T cell subsets in HIV-1 infection","volume":"191","author":"G Breton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7620","key":"ppat.1012826.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19317","article-title":"Follicular CXCR5- expressing CD8(+) T cells curtail chronic viral infection","volume":"537","author":"R He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"16","key":"ppat.1012826.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611244104","article-title":"HIV controllers exhibit potent CD8 T cell capacity to suppress HIV infection ex vivo and peculiar cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation phenotype","volume":"104","author":"A S\u00e1ez-Ciri\u00f3n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012826.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-12-4818","article-title":"HIV nonprogressors preferentially maintain highly functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells","volume":"107","author":"MR Betts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1012826.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3543","article-title":"CXCR5(+) follicular cytotoxic T cells control viral infection in B cell follicles","volume":"17","author":"YA Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.7","article-title":"HIV-1 immunopathogenesis in humanized mouse models","volume":"9","author":"L Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1012826.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-331173","article-title":"Efficient infection, activation, and impairment of pDCs in the BM and peripheral lymphoid organs during early HIV-1 infection in humanized rag2\u207b\/\u207b\u03b3 C\u207b\/\u207b mice in vivo","volume":"117","author":"L Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-145946","article-title":"FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells play an important role in acute HIV-1 infection in humanized Rag2-\/-gammaC-\/- mice in vivo","volume":"112","author":"Q Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0416-z","article-title":"Humanized immune system mouse models: progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"TM Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit548","article-title":"Regulatory T cells prevent liver fibrosis during HIV type 1 infection in a humanized mouse model","volume":"209","author":"J-I Nunoya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"ppat.1012826.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.152738","article-title":"Type I interferons and TGF-\u03b2 cooperate to induce liver fibrosis during HIV-1 infection under antiretroviral therapy","volume":"7","author":"J Ahodantin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174789","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1174789","article-title":"CD24-Siglec interactions in inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012826.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00058-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CD24Fc in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"22","author":"J Welker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7769","key":"ppat.1012826.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1456-0","article-title":"CD24 signalling through macrophage Siglec-10 is a target for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"572","author":"AA Barkal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01030-x","article-title":"CD24Fc ameliorates immune-related adverse events while preserving anti-tumor therapeutic effect","volume":"7","author":"M Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012826.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.11.001","article-title":"Abortive HIV infection mediates CD4 T cell depletion and inflammation in human lymphoid tissue","volume":"143","author":"G Doitsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401584","article-title":"Mechanisms of apoptosis induction by the HIV-1 envelope","author":"J-L Perfettini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012826.ref066","article-title":"Necroptosis takes place in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes","volume":"9","author":"T Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012826.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.3390\/v6083181","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-mediated apoptosis: new therapeutic targets","volume":"6","author":"Z Mbita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012826.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1086\/314594","article-title":"Activation-associated necrosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"179","author":"NJ Borthwick","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012826.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/v9080237","article-title":"Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"H Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2021.08.003","article-title":"Potential effects of HMGB1 on viral replication and virus infection-induced inflammatory responses: A promising therapeutic target for virus infection-induced inflammatory diseases","volume":"62","author":"X Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012826.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005407","article-title":"HMGB1 Is Involved in IFN-\u03b1 Production and TRAIL Expression by HIV-1-Exposed Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Impact of the Crosstalk with NK Cells","volume":"12","author":"H Sa\u00efdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012826.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425912461042","article-title":"Circulating levels of HMGB1 are correlated strongly with MD2 in HIV-infection: possible implication for TLR4-signalling and chronic immune activation","volume":"19","author":"M Tr\u00f8seid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1012826.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2347","article-title":"HMGB1 enhances immune suppression by facilitating the differentiation and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"74","author":"KH Parker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.10.019","article-title":"Functions and therapeutic targets of Siglec-mediated infections, inflammations and cancers","volume":"120","author":"C-H Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ppat.1012826.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2020.01.009","article-title":"Siglec-10 expression is up-regulated in activated human CD4+ T cells","volume":"81","author":"E Bandala-Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012826.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/524143","article-title":"Relationship between T cell activation and CD4+ T cell count in HIV-seropositive individuals with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy","volume":"197","author":"PW Hunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020198","article-title":"HIV infection of naturally occurring and genetically reprogrammed human regulatory T-cells","volume":"2","author":"K Oswald-Richter","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012826.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-033159","article-title":"HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in a novel humanized mouse model","volume":"109","author":"L Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012826.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.07.043","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies and viral inducers decrease rebound from HIV-1 latent reservoirs in humanized mice","volume":"158","author":"A Halper-Stromberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012826.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T19:06:23Z","timestamp":1755111983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Brenchley,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012826","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}}}