{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:16:35Z","timestamp":1772460995535,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012864","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 754433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 754433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2021-126067NB-I00, CPP2021-008552, PCI2022-135066-2, PLEC2023-010225, and PDC2022-133266-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126067NB-I00, CPP2021-008552, PCI2022-135066-2, PLEC2023-010225, and PDC2022-133266-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of education","award":["FPU-22\/01226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU-22\/01226"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Research Agency","award":["SGR01551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR01551"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"'la Caixa' Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/PR\/HR21\/00737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HR21\/00737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero","award":["CIBERINFEC CB21\/13\/00061- ISCIII-SGEFI\/ERDF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBERINFEC CB21\/13\/00061- ISCIII-SGEFI\/ERDF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybridisation is a source of genetic diversity, can drive adaptation to new niches and has been found to be a frequent event in lineages harbouring pathogenic fungi. However, little is known about the genomic implications of hybridisation nor its impact on pathogenicity-related traits. A common limitation for addressing these questions is the narrow representativity of sequenced genomes, mostly corresponding to strains isolated from infected patients. The opportunistic human pathogen <jats:italic>Candida metapsilosis<\/jats:italic> is a hybrid that descends from the crossing between unknown parental lineages. Here, we sequenced the genomes of five new <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>metapsilosis<\/jats:italic> isolates, one representing the first African isolate for this species, and four environmental isolates from marine niches. Our comparative genomic analyses, including a total of 29 sequenced strains, shed light on the phylogenetic relationships between <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>metapsilosis<\/jats:italic> hybrid isolates and show that environmental strains are closely related to clinical ones and belong to different clades, suggesting multiple independent colonisations. Furthermore, we identify a new diverging clade likely emerging from the same hybridisation event that originated two other previously described hybrid clades. Lastly, we evaluate phenotypes relevant during infection such as drug susceptibility, thermotolerance or virulence. We identify low drug susceptibility phenotypes which we suggest might be driven by loss of heterozygosity events in key genes. We discover that thermotolerance is mainly clade-dependent and find a correlation with the faecal origin of some strains which highlights the adaptive potential of the fungus as commensal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T20:12:44Z","timestamp":1737144764000},"page":"e1012864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Insights into the origin, hybridisation and adaptation of Candida metapsilosis hybrid pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"del Olmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Redondo-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia Benavente","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savitree","family":"Limtong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Saus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-1735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toni","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref001","article-title":"Fungal infections in humans: the silent crisis.","volume":"7","author":"K Kainz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbial cell (Graz, Austria)."},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","article-title":"Infectious disease in an era of global change","volume":"20","author":"RE Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72093-7","volume-title":"Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals","author":"S Seyedmousavi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref005","article-title":"Emerging Fungal Infections: New Patients, New Patterns, and New Pathogens.","volume":"5","author":"DZP Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)."},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01112-0","article-title":"Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi","volume":"7","author":"A. Rokas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref007","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","author":"DW Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref008","article-title":"Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision","volume":"3","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)."},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref009","article-title":"WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action","author":"Organization WH","year":"2022","journal-title":"WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action."},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89664-5","volume-title":"The Impact of Climate Change on Fungal Diseases","author":"MG Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n","year":"2022"},{"key":"ppat.1012864.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01512-w","article-title":"Global warming could drive the emergence of new fungal pathogens","volume":"8","author":"A. 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