{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1791993846354,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000}}],"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA 1033037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA 1033037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is a natural reservoir for Marburg virus (MARV; family <jats:italic>Filoviridae<\/jats:italic>), a putative reservoir for Sosuga virus (SOSV; family <jats:italic>Paramyxoviridae<\/jats:italic>), and a vertebrate reservoir for Kasokero virus (KASV; family <jats:italic>Orthonairoviridae<\/jats:italic>); however, the effect of naturally occurring coinfection by those viruses on MARV shedding and spillover potential is unknown. To answer this question, we experimentally infected one cohort of captive-bred ERBs with SOSV+MARV (n=12 bats) or MARV only (n=12 bats) and a second cohort with KASV+MARV (n=12 bats) or MARV only (n=12 bats), and then collected blood, oral swab, and rectal swab specimens throughout the course of infection to monitor viral shedding. Compared to the MARV-monoinfected bat group, the SOSV+MARV-coinfected bat group exhibited a significantly shortened duration of MARV oral shedding and a significantly decreased anti-MARV IgG response, which may increase the capacity for MARV reinfection. In contrast, relative to the MARV-monoinfected bat group, the KASV+MARV-coinfected bat group exhibited significantly increased peak magnitudes and durations of MARV viremia and oral shedding, as well as a significantly increased anti-MARV IgG response. Correspondingly, cumulative MARV shedding loads, a measure of infectiousness, were significantly higher in the KASV+MARV-coinfected bat group than the MARV-monoinfected bat group. Four of the KASV+MARV-coinfected bats were classified as MARV supershedders, together accounting for 72.5% of the KASV-MARV experimental cohort\u2019s total shedding. Our results demonstrate that SOSV+MARV and KASV+MARV coinfection of ERBs differentially modulates MARV shedding and anti-MARV IgG responses, thereby implicating MARV coinfection as playing a critical role in bat-to-bat MARV transmission dynamics and spillover potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T17:37:14Z","timestamp":1742233034000},"page":"e1012901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Modeling natural coinfection in a bat reservoir shows modulation of Marburg virus shedding and spillover potential"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8069-349X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Schuh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Amman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Guito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara K.","family":"Sealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Towner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref001","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses","volume":"8","author":"PM Sharp","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71226-0","article-title":"Bats as putative Zaire ebolavirus reservoir hosts and their habitat suitability in Africa","volume":"10","author":"LK Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012901.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2003.08.005","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"28","author":"JSM Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref004","author":"The Global Health Observatory"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref005","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref006","first-page":"376","article-title":"Estimating the global economic costs of SARS.","volume-title":"Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease outbreak: workshop summary","author":"J-W Lee","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46151-9","article-title":"Ecological countermeasures to prevent pathogen spillover and subsequent pandemics","volume":"15","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012901.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45","article-title":"Pathways to zoonotic spillover","volume":"15","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1782","key":"ppat.1012901.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180336","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0336","article-title":"Sampling to elucidate the dynamics of infections in reservoir hosts","volume":"374","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012901.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793104006475","article-title":"Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence","volume":"79","author":"BA Walther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012901.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03451.x","article-title":"The socio-ecology of zoonotic infections","volume":"17","author":"A Cascio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012901.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0304.970404","article-title":"Emergence of new pathogens as a function of changes in host susceptibility","volume":"3","author":"JG Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1012901.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008790","article-title":"Coinfections in wildlife: focus on a neglected aspect of infectious disease epidemiology","volume":"16","author":"AOG Hoarau","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012901.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-11-199512010-00006","article-title":"Increased genital shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in HIV-seropositive women","volume":"123","author":"M Augenbraun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80001-3","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis","volume":"26","author":"B Soto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80274-7","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients. Prevalence and prognostic value","volume":"27","author":"J Ockenga","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012901.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03167.x","article-title":"Rhinoviruses delayed the circulation of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in France","volume":"16","author":"JS Casalegno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1012901.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000040533.75646.9c","article-title":"Does co-infection with Giardia lamblia modulate the clinical characteristics of enteric infections in young children?","volume":"19","author":"N Bilenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1012901.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010398","article-title":"Infection with GB virus C and reduced mortality among HIV-infected patients","volume":"345","author":"HL Tillmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1661217","article-title":"Synchronous shedding of multiple bat paramyxoviruses coincides with peak periods of Hendra virus spillover","volume":"8","author":"AJ Peel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03641-w","article-title":"Seasonal shedding patterns of diverse henipavirus-related paramyxoviruses in Egyptian rousette bats","volume":"11","author":"M Mortlock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39835-1","article-title":"Individual bat virome analysis reveals co-infection and spillover among bats and virus zoonotic potential","volume":"14","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3504411","article-title":"Rousettus egyptiacus (aegyptaicus)","volume":"611","author":"G Kwiecinski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref024","unstructured":"Haydon DT, Cleaveland S, Taylor LH, Laurenson MK. Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge. (1080-6040 (Print))."},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.071115","article-title":"Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus","volume":"13","author":"R Swanepoel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1012901.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000536","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536","article-title":"Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats","volume":"5","author":"JS Towner","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1012901.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877","article-title":"Seasonal pulses of Marburg virus circulation in juvenile Rousettus aegyptiacus bats coincide with periods of increased risk of human infection","volume":"8","author":"BR Amman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-08-198","article-title":"Oral shedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)","volume":"51","author":"BR Amman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012901.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.131620","article-title":"Novel paramyxovirus associated with severe acute febrile disease, South Sudan and Uganda, 2012","volume":"20","author":"CG Albari\u00f1o","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012901.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-02-044","article-title":"A recently discovered pathogenic paramyxovirus, Sosuga virus, is present in Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats at multiple locations in Uganda","volume":"51","author":"BR Amman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012901.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008092","article-title":"Experimental infection of Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Sosuga virus demonstrates potential transmission routes for a bat-borne human pathogenic paramyxovirus","volume":"14","author":"BR Amman","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012901.ref032","first-page":"179","article-title":"Significance of ecological studies of wild animal reservoirs of zoonoses","volume":"21","author":"M Abdussalam","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012901.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.387","article-title":"Kasokero virus: a new human pathogen from bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Uganda","volume":"35","author":"M Kalunda","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.202411","article-title":"Human-pathogenic Kasokero virus in field-collected ticks","volume":"26","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24673-w","article-title":"Natural reservoir Rousettus aegyptiacus bat host model of orthonairovirus infection identifies potential zoonotic spillover mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref036","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2023"},{"issue":"49","key":"ppat.1012901.ref037","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever --- Colorado, 2008","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012901.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090015","article-title":"Response to imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, the Netherland","volume":"15","author":"A Timen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1012901.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045479","article-title":"Virological and serological findings in Rousettus aegyptiacus experimentally inoculated with vero cells-adapted Hogan strain of Marburg virus","volume":"7","author":"JT Paweska","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref040","first-page":"S109-18","article-title":"Lack of Marburg virus transmission from experimentally infected to susceptible in-contact Egyptian Fruit Bats","volume":"212 Suppl 2","author":"JT Paweska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14446","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14446","article-title":"Modelling filovirus maintenance in nature by experimental transmission of Marburg virus between Egyptian rousette bats","volume":"8","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1012901.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040648","article-title":"Sosuga virus detected in Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Sierra Leone","volume":"16","author":"BR Amman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05853-7","article-title":"Tick salivary gland components dampen Kasokero virus infection and shedding in its vertebrate reservoir, the Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)","volume":"16","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2029","article-title":"Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157","volume":"6","author":"M Chase-Topping","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7066","key":"ppat.1012901.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04153","article-title":"Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence","volume":"438","author":"JO Lloyd-Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012901.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01742-06","article-title":"Rectoanal junction colonization of feedlot cattle by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its association with supershedders and excretion dynamics","volume":"73","author":"RN Cobbold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1012901.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072611","article-title":"Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle","volume":"8","author":"MD Jankowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38749","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38749","article-title":"Heterogeneous shedding of influenza by human subjects and its implications for epidemiology and control","volume":"6","author":"L Canini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1012901.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01105-z","article-title":"Daily longitudinal sampling of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals substantial heterogeneity in infectiousness","volume":"7","author":"R Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012901.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030732","article-title":"Superspreading SARS events, Beijing, 2003","volume":"10","author":"Z Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1012901.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614595114","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of superspreading events in the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic","volume":"114","author":"MSY Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07824-2","article-title":"Egyptian rousette bats maintain long-term protective immunity against Marburg virus infection despite diminished antibody levels","volume":"7","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1012901.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020073","article-title":"Antibody responses to Marburg virus in Egyptian rousette bats and their role in protection against infection","volume":"10","author":"N Storm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1012901.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.1210","article-title":"Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975","volume":"27","author":"JL Conrad","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8276","key":"ppat.1012901.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91871-2","article-title":"Marburg-virus disease in Kenya","volume":"1","author":"DH Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref056","first-page":"101","article-title":"Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"ED Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Virol Suppl"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1012901.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051465","article-title":"Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus","volume":"355","author":"DG Bausch","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012901.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007257","article-title":"Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kween district Uganda, 2017: epidemiological and laboratory findings","volume":"13","author":"L Nyakarahuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1012901.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2911.230362","article-title":"Micro\u2012global positioning systems for identifying nightly opportunities for Marburg virus spillover to humans by Egyptian rousette bats","volume":"29","author":"BR Amman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122394","article-title":"Marburg virus persistence on fruit as a plausible route of bat to primate filovirus transmission","volume":"13","author":"BR Amman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"02","key":"ppat.1012901.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605308000938","article-title":"Bats as bushmeat: a global review","volume":"43","author":"S Mickleburgh","year":"2009","journal-title":"ORX"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.09.003","article-title":"Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa","volume":"144","author":"AO Kamins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08460-8","article-title":"The bat meat chain and perceptions of the risk of contracting Ebola in the Mount Cameroon region","volume":"20","author":"ES Akem","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10822.x","article-title":"Modelling the vector pathway and infection of humans in an environmental outbreak of Escherichia coli O157","volume":"203","author":"NJ Strachan","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.181204","article-title":"Human exposure to novel Bartonella species from contact with fruit bats","volume":"24","author":"Y Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"105","key":"ppat.1012901.ref066","first-page":"233","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic studies on the microfilariae of Diptalonema vitae Derpkagorskaya, 1923 (Nematoda: Filariidae) parasitizing the blood of furit bats Rousettus aegyptiacus aegyptiacus at Assiut locality","volume":"51","author":"G Abed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1012901.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000817","article-title":"Survey of Hepatocystis parasites of fruit bats in the Amurum forest reserve, Nigeria, identifies first host record for Rousettus aegyptiacus","volume":"146","author":"N Atama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1636","key":"ppat.1012901.ref068","first-page":"861","article-title":"Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus)","volume":"275","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7943","key":"ppat.1012901.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05506-2","article-title":"Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology","volume":"613","author":"P Eby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref070","first-page":"2023.12.01.569121","article-title":"Diet-induced changes in metabolism influence immune response and viral shedding dynamics in Jamaican fruit bats","author":"C Falvo","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012901.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46226-7","article-title":"Coordinated inflammatory responses dictate Marburg virus control by reservoir bats","volume":"15","author":"JC Guito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1012901.ref072","volume-title":"Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. 9 CFR Part 121","year":"2002"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T18:44:16Z","timestamp":1744137856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Yount,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012901","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}