{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:04:03Z","timestamp":1789157043601,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012995","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000}}],"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CePaViP","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000759"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007543","name":"Charles University Grant Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["171124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["171124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BQM\/0562\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BQM\/0562\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MOSTMICRO-ITQB R&D Unit","award":["UIDB\/04612\/2020 and UIDP\/04612\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04612\/2020 and UIDP\/04612\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LS4FUTURE Associated Laboratory","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006235","name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LDRD 25-116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDRD 25-116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), requires increased research attention due to its high lethality and the potential for increased incidence as a result of global warming. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> and host cells in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of this amoeba. A co-culture system comprising human fibrosarcoma cells was established to study both contact-dependent and contact-independent cytopathogenicity. Proteomic analyses of the amoebas exposed to human cell cultures or passaged through mouse brain were used to identify novel virulence factors. Our results indicate that actin dynamics, regulated by Arp2\/3 and Src kinase, play a considerable role in ingestion of host cells by amoebae. We have identified three promising candidate virulence factors, namely lysozyme, cystatin and hemerythrin, which may be critical in facilitating <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> evasion of host defenses, migration to the brain and induction of a lethal infection. Long-term co-culture secretome analysis revealed an increase in protease secretion, which enhances <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> cytopathogenicity. Raman microspectroscopy revealed significant metabolic differences between axenic and brain-isolated amoebae, particularly in lipid storage and utilization. Taken together, our findings provide important new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> and highlight potential targets for therapeutic intervention against PAM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T17:39:08Z","timestamp":1742233148000},"page":"e1012995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Eating the brain - A multidisciplinary study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ronald","family":"Malych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Folgosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Pil\u00e1tov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libor","family":"Mike\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edt","family":"Dohn\u00e1lek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdal\u00e9na","family":"Mat\u011bjkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Kopeck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Dole\u017eal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-1683","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Sutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1012995.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.202119","article-title":"Geographic 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