{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T18:07:31Z","timestamp":1781201251252,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012998","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000}}],"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI143839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI179608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI179608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an environmental Gram-negative bacterium that parasitizes unicellular protozoa and can cause severe pulmonary infections when aerosolized bacteria are inhaled by humans. One critical aspect of\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis is the establishment in the cytosol of infected macrophages of a unique ER-derived vacuole, that requires a sustained supply of host lipids during expansion. Subversion of pro-lipogenic pathways downstream of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTOR (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) are critical for niche expansion. In eukaryotic cells, amino acids sufficiency and growth factor sensory signals converge on mTOR to ensure metabolic processes are coupled to nutrients\/energy availability.\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    can trigger mTOR signaling in infected cells by increasing the intracellular abundance of amino acids through inhibition of host translation. Here, we describe a novel mechanism by which\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensitizes mTOR in infected macrophages. A forward genetic screen identified Lpg0393 protein as a putative bacterial mTOR regulator that contains a VPS9-domain typically found in eukaryotic GEFs (Guanine nucleotide exchange factors) for Rab5 GTPase family members (Rab5\/Rab21\/Rab22). We uncovered that Lpg0393 lowers the activation threshold for mTOR signaling upon stimulation with arginine or leucine by promoting anterograde trafficking of amino acid permeases through subversion of the small GTPases Rab21 and Rab22. Data from cells expressing either a bacterial or a eukaryotic mTOR sensitizing factor uncovered two distinct non-cytosolic Arg\/Leu pools that fuel mTOR activation in parallel \u2013 one regulated by Rab21\/22 and the other by Rab5. Consistent with the role of mTOR in expansion of the\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -occupied organelle, deletion of Lpg0393 also resulted in premature vacuolar rupture in a mTOR-dependent manner. All together, we have identified a novel bacterial mTOR regulator and consistent with its reported functions we propose Lpg0393 is named as BinA (\n                    <jats:bold>B<\/jats:bold>\n                    acterial\n                    <jats:bold>in<\/jats:bold>\n                    itiator of TORC1 signaling and an\n                    <jats:bold>a<\/jats:bold>\n                    ctivator of Rab5 family GTPases).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:41:52Z","timestamp":1780940512000},"page":"e1012998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Legionella pneumophila type IVb secretion system effector BinA subverts amino acid transport to sensitize TORC1 signaling in macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Circu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reneau","family":"Castore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Shames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig R.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Dragoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-7595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stanimir S.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1012998.ref001","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila modulates host energy metabolism by ADP-ribosylation of ADP\/ATP translocases","volume":"11","author":"J Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ppat.1012998.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00042","article-title":"How Viral and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Reprogram the Metabolism of Host Cells to Allow Their Intracellular Replication","volume":"9","author":"W Eisenreich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1012998.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.020","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila Modulates Mitochondrial Dynamics to Trigger Metabolic Repurposing of Infected 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