{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:57:46Z","timestamp":1772035066992,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI140719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI140719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI170106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI170106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is one of the most effective public health measures for preventing and managing infectious diseases. Despite intensive efforts from the relatively small medical mycology community, developing effective vaccines against invasive fungal infections remains a scientific challenge. This is predominantly due to large antigenic repertoires, complicated life cycles, and the capacity of fungal pathogens to evade the host immune system. Additionally, antifungal vaccines often need to work for at-risk individuals who are immunodeficient. We anticipate that the success of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its exploration for various infectious diseases and cancers will usher a new wave of antifungal vaccine research. Herein, we discuss recent advancements and key scientific areas that need to be explored to actualize the development of effective antifungal mRNA vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T17:21:42Z","timestamp":1745860902000},"page":"e1013091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tailoring mRNA lipid nanoparticles for antifungal vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yeqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Meagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-8387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2279570","article-title":"Vaccine development for pathogenic fungi: current status and future directions","volume":"22","author":"JL Chechi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-041020-111511","article-title":"Harnessing the immune response to fungal pathogens for vaccine development","volume":"76","author":"A Rivera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.01.014","article-title":"Vaccine immunity against fungal infections","volume":"28","author":"SG Nanjappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013091.ref004","first-page":"a019711","article-title":"Fungal vaccines and immunotherapeutics","volume":"4","author":"E Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Csh Perspect Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013091.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy185","article-title":"A fungal immunotherapeutic vaccine (NDV-3A) for treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis-A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Jr Edwards JE","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013091.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.051","article-title":"Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis using glucan particle-based vaccines containing novel recombinant antigens","volume":"38","author":"MM Hester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013091.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01433-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01433-15","article-title":"Development of protective inflammation and cell-mediated immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans after exposure to hyphal mutants","volume":"6","author":"B Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013091.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgac248","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac248","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a pan-fungal vaccine in preclinical models of aspergillosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystosis","volume":"1","author":"E Rayens","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013091.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00633-16","article-title":"A Coccidioides posadasii CPS1 deletion mutant is avirulent and protects mice from lethal infection","volume":"84","author":"HP Narra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013091.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"N Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00950-y","article-title":"Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"E Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013091.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00321-2","article-title":"Author Correction: mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"N Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013091.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011115","article-title":"Host populations, challenges, and commercialization of cryptococcal vaccines","volume":"19","author":"M Del Poeta","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013091.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"N Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00837-9","article-title":"Author Correction: A Pvs25 mRNA vaccine induces complete and durable transmission-blocking immunity to Plasmodium vivax","volume":"9","author":"N Kunkeaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1013091.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.019","article-title":"Phase 1 vaccine trial of Pvs25H: a transmission blocking vaccine for Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"23","author":"EM Malkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6622","key":"ppat.1013091.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0271","article-title":"A multivalent nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against all known influenza virus subtypes","volume":"378","author":"CP Arevalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n281","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n281","article-title":"Covid-19: countries are learning what others paid for vaccines","volume":"372","author":"O Dyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013091.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.005","article-title":"Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"T Fiolet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2024.2331065","article-title":"The durability of vaccine-induced protection: an overview","volume":"23","author":"VM Vashishtha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref021","first-page":"267497","article-title":"Comparative analysis of protein glycosylation pathways in humans and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Duncker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00335-2","article-title":"Public attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination: the role of vaccine attributes, incentives, and misinformation","volume":"6","author":"S Kreps","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00950-y","article-title":"Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"E Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"7830","key":"ppat.1013091.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness","volume":"586","author":"KS Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013091.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.7.4552","article-title":"An mRNA stability complex functions with poly(A)-binding protein to stabilize mRNA in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Z Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.10.007","article-title":"Combining an optimized mRNA template with a double purification process allows strong expression of in vitro transcribed mRNA","volume":"26","author":"S Linares-Fernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24436-7","article-title":"High-throughput 5\u2019 UTR engineering for enhanced protein production in non-viral gene therapies","volume":"12","author":"J Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28776-w","article-title":"Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"K Leppek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013091.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.12.011","article-title":"Improving mRNA-based therapeutic gene delivery by expression-augmenting 3\u2019 UTRs identified by cellular library screening","volume":"27","author":"AG Orlandini von Niessen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00621","article-title":"Machine learning for designing next-generation mRNA therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"SM Castillo-Hair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01079-z","article-title":"Developing mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine effective for cryptococcosis in a murine model","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013091.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0378-3","article-title":"Visualization of early events in mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates via PET-CT and near-infrared imaging","volume":"3","author":"KE Lindsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.003","article-title":"Dawn of lipid nanoparticles in lymph node targeting: potential in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"167","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33157-4","article-title":"Payload distribution and capacity of mRNA lipid nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"S Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1013091.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720542115","article-title":"Successful reprogramming of cellular protein production through mRNA delivered by functionalized lipid nanoparticles","volume":"115","author":"M Yanez Arteta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013091.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4608","article-title":"From sewer to saviour\u2014targeting the lymphatic system to promote drug exposure and activity","volume":"14","author":"NL Trevaskis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.12.017","article-title":"PEGylated cationic liposomes robustly augment vaccine-induced immune responses: role of lymphatic trafficking and biodistribution","volume":"159","author":"Y Zhuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2024.2333123","article-title":"mRNA vaccine designs for optimal adjuvanticity and delivery","volume":"21","author":"Y Mochida","year":"2024","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013091.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1814094","article-title":"Subcutaneous vaccine administration\u2014an outmoded practice","volume":"17","author":"IF Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114325","article-title":"In vivo fate and intracellular trafficking of vaccine delivery systems","volume":"186","author":"J Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref041","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vaccine delivery and immune response basics","author":"A Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01539","article-title":"Induction of robust B cell responses after influenza mRNA vaccination is accompanied by circulating hemagglutinin-specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells","volume":"8","author":"G Lindgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013091.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00725-4","article-title":"Optimization of an mRNA vaccine assisted with cyclodextrin-polyethyleneimine conjugates","volume":"10","author":"L Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013091.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-2089","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of intradermal fractional dose administration of the mRNA-1273 vaccine: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"175","author":"GVT Roozen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013091.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121375","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster after two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy population","volume":"9","author":"P Intapiboon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013091.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091494","article-title":"T-cell responses induced by an intradermal BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster following primary vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"10","author":"R Sophonmanee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"10439","key":"ppat.1013091.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00532-4","article-title":"A measles and rubella vaccine microneedle patch in The Gambia: a phase 1\/2, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, active-controlled, age de-escalation trial","volume":"403","author":"I Adigweme","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013091.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"B Pulendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01557-7","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms","volume":"8","author":"T Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013091.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01562-6","article-title":"mRNA vaccine against malaria tailored for liver-resident memory T cells","volume":"24","author":"M Ganley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00760-5","article-title":"The advances of adjuvants in mRNA vaccines","volume":"8","author":"C Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013091.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2436","article-title":"Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection","volume":"30","author":"B Petsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.023","article-title":"DP7-C-modified liposomes enhance immune responses and the antitumor effect of a neoantigen-based mRNA vaccine","volume":"328","author":"R Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120431","article-title":"Adjuvant-pulsed mRNA vaccine nanoparticle for immunoprophylactic and therapeutic tumor suppression in mice","volume":"266","author":"MA Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013091.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.03.002","article-title":"mRNA-encoded, constitutively active STING(V155M) is a potent genetic adjuvant of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response","volume":"29","author":"SW Tse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013091.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1017-1241d","article-title":"Erratum: elimination of large tumors in mice by mRNA-encoded bispecific antibodies","volume":"23","author":"CR Stadler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013091.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9627","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10180","article-title":"Design of SARS-CoV-2 hFc-conjugated receptor-binding domain mRNA vaccine delivered via lipid nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"U Elia","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"757","key":"ppat.1013091.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadm8451","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adm8451","article-title":"Adjuvantation of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine with controlled tissue-specific expression of an mRNA encoding IL-12p70","volume":"16","author":"B Brook","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013091.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0350-4","article-title":"Comparative safety of vaccine adjuvants: a summary of current evidence and future needs","volume":"38","author":"N Petrovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013091.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103705","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"P Bergman","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref062","first-page":"e068632","article-title":"Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"ARYB Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013091.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008-1024.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.027","article-title":"Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals","volume":"185","author":"K Lederer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16641","article-title":"Effectiveness of two-dose vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among immunocompromised adults-Nine States, January-September 2021","volume":"22","author":"PJ Embi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"7875","key":"ppat.1013091.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03841-4","article-title":"Rapid and stable mobilization of CD8+ T cells by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"597","author":"V Oberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013091.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1086\/420829","article-title":"Recombinant interferon- gamma 1b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"189","author":"PG Pappas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013091.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.05.016","article-title":"Heterologous prime-boost vaccination","volume":"21","author":"S Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"748","key":"ppat.1013091.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn0223","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adn0223","article-title":"Heterologous prime-boost vaccination drives early maturation of HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humanized mice","volume":"16","author":"CA Cottrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013091.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112599","article-title":"Intravenous heterologous prime-boost vaccination activates innate and adaptive immunity to promote tumor regression","volume":"42","author":"RA Ramirez-Valdez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013091.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1640117","article-title":"Novel prime-boost vaccine strategies against HIV-1","volume":"18","author":"J-L Excler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013091.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01679-1","article-title":"Virus-like structures for combination antigen protein mRNA vaccination","volume":"19","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013091.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01449-9","article-title":"Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/BNT162b2 vaccination","volume":"27","author":"J Barros-Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref073","volume-title":"Interim recommendations for heterologous COVID-19 vaccine schedules","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013091.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.188","article-title":"Mixed formulation of mRNA and protein-based COVID-19 vaccines triggered superior neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"3","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013091.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.10.016","article-title":"Enhanced mucosal SARS-CoV-2 immunity after heterologous intramuscular mRNA prime\/intranasal protein boost vaccination with a combination adjuvant","volume":"32","author":"G Laghlali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013091.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00786-9","article-title":"A Pvs25 mRNA vaccine induces complete and durable transmission-blocking immunity to Plasmodium vivax","volume":"8","author":"N Kunkeaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1013091.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02420","article-title":"Heterologous immunization with defined RNA and subunit vaccines enhances T cell responses that protect against Leishmania donovani","volume":"9","author":"MS Duthie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T17:21:51Z","timestamp":1745860911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013091"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013091","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}}}