{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:34:59Z","timestamp":1781127299562,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013133","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001736","name":"German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I-41-416.6-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-41-416.6-2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Research Cooperation Lower Saxony \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Israel","award":["A128055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A128055"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2616\/18 and 1228\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2616\/18 and 1228\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    is a diverse bacterial pathogen consisting of both typhoidal and nontyphoidal clinically distinct serovars. While typhoidal serovars cause in humans a systemic life-threatening enteric fever, nontyphoidal\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NTS) usually provoke a localized self-limiting gastroenteritis. Factors responsible for the different diseases caused by distinct\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars are still poorly understood. Here, we show that at elevated physiological temperature, manifested during enteric fever (39\u201340\u00b0C), the transcription of the flagellar regulon, its protein translation, and flagella-mediated motility are all repressed in the typhoidal serovar,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Paratyphi A. In contrast, the NTS representative serovar,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhimurium, maintains similar or even higher levels of flagellar genes transcription, translation, and motility at 40\u00b0C relative to 37\u00b0C. By using a temperature-responsive chromogenic reporter system in conjunction with a dense transposon mutagenesis screen we found that under elevated temperature, HilE negatively regulates\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Paratyphi A motility in a HilD-dependent manner. Because HilD is required for the transcriptional activation of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>flhDC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , encoding the master regulator of the\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    flagellar-chemotaxis regulon\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    null deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>hilE<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    leads to motility upregulation at elevated temperature and the loss of motility thermoregulation in\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Paratyphi A\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Moreover, we show that a HilE-mediated motility thermoregulation is common to other typhoidal serovars, including\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhi and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sendai, but not to\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Paratyphi B, nor to various NTS serovars. Interestingly, the absence of HilE also leads to a hyper-uptake of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Paratyphi A by THP-1 human macrophages at 40\u00b0C, but not at 37\u00b0C. Based on these results, we propose that HilE plays a unique role in motility thermoregulation in typhoidal\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    in a way that may restrain systemic dissemination of the pathogen via professional phagocytes, during the acute phase of enteric fever.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:44:11Z","timestamp":1760636651000},"page":"e1013133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HilE mediates motility thermoregulation in typhoidal Salmonella serovars at elevated physiological temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rivka","family":"Shem-Tov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-6790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ohad","family":"Gal-Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013133.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-18","article-title":"Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae","volume":"32","author":"O Gal-Mor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013133.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.05.002","article-title":"Salmonella enterica","volume":"27","author":"LA Knodler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013133.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.07.004","article-title":"Supplement 2008-2010 (no. 48) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme","volume":"165","author":"S Issenhuth-Jeanjean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1013133.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00391","article-title":"Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ","volume":"5","author":"O Gal-Mor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1013133.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01368","article-title":"Embracing Diversity: Differences in Virulence Mechanisms, Disease Severity, and Host Adaptations Contribute to the Success of Nontyphoidal Salmonella as a Foodborne Pathogen","volume":"10","author":"RA 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