{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:44:12Z","timestamp":1784162652795,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013151","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000645","name":"Jesus College, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214374\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214374\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221924\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221924\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and a priority AMR pathogen. Two narrow host range plasmids, p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    and pConj, have contributed to ending penicillin and tetracycline therapy, respectively, and undermine current prevention strategies including doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (Doxy-PEP). Here, we investigated the origin and evolution of the beta-lactamase plasmid, p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We demonstrate that p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    was likely acquired by the gonococcus from\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and describe the subsequent evolutionary pathways taken by the three major p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants. We show that the ability of pConj to spread p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    promotes their co-occurrence in the gonococcal population and the spread of p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Changes that mitigate fitness costs of p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the emergence of TEM beta-lactamases that confer increased resistance have contributed to the success of p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In particular, TEM-135, which has arisen in certain p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants, increases resistance to beta-lactams and only requires one amino acid change to become an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). The evolution of p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    underscores the threat of plasmid-mediated resistance to current therapeutic and preventive strategies against gonococcal infection. Given the close relationship between p\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    and pConj, widespread use of Doxy-PEP is likely to promote spread of both plasmids, strains which carry pConj and are resistant against third generation cephalosporins, and the emergence of plasmid-mediated ESBL in the gonococcus, with significant public health consequences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1746539884000},"page":"e1013151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Origin, evolution, and success of pbla, the gonococcal beta-lactamase plasmid, and implications for public health"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tabea A.","family":"Elsener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cehovin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Philp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley M.","family":"Spinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C. J.","family":"Maiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8366-3245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1013151.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Kenya","volume":"218","author":"A Cehovin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013151.ref005","article-title":"There are three major Neisseria gonorrhoeae beta-lactamase plasmid variants which are associated with specific lineages and carry distinct TEM alleles","volume":"9","author":"TA Elsener","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013151.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa003","article-title":"Association of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Plasmids With Distinct Lineages and The Economic Status of Their Country of Origin","volume":"222","author":"A Cehovin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"42","key":"ppat.1013151.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208037109","article-title":"Structural basis for TetM-mediated tetracycline resistance","volume":"109","author":"A 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