{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T07:10:29Z","timestamp":1775459429409,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000}}],"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI49170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI49170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000032","name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["370925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["370925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) risk groups include, but are not limited to, heterosexual individuals (HET), men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM), and people who inject drugs (PWID). Although genetically diverse HIV-1 populations are transferred from donor to recipient, systemic infection is often established by a single clone, the transmitted\/founder (T\/F) virus. This phenomenon is especially prevalent in sexual transmission, but less stringent in blood-to-blood contact transmission. Specific traits that permit successful transmission have not been well characterized. Thus, HIV-1 containing the chimeric T\/F envelope (Env) from different transmission routes was assessed for ex vivo transmission fitness by performing mixed competition assays (also referred to as mixed competitions) on human cervical tissues. We found that chimeric T\/F viruses isolated from the PWID exhibit limited replication capacity in cervical tissues when compared to those from MSM and HET, diminishing their chances of transmission to T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. This reduced transmission fitness of T\/F HIV-1 from PWID was not observed when infecting Th1 and Th17 cells directly, bypassing cervical tissues. Phenotypic assays showed that the chimeric T\/F viruses from PWID differed from other groups by having an enhanced ability to utilize diverse CCR5 conformations, while Env expression level, CD4\/CCR5 utilization, and entry speed did not differ. Different glycosylation profiles were detected on T\/F compared to chronic Env with increased complex, fucosylated N- and O-glycans found more frequently on the T\/F Env. Furthermore, the increased presence of these fucosylated glycans correlated with replication fitness in cervical tissues. In contrast, bisecting branched N-glycan found more frequently on chronic Env was associated with decreased entry efficiency and more stringent usage of CCR5. These findings suggest that glycosylation patterns\/levels and\/or Env structure greatly impact the differences in transmission fitness of T\/F HIV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T18:00:08Z","timestamp":1748023208000},"page":"e1013177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transmitted\/founder (T\/F) HIV-1 derived from sexual contact exhibits greater transmission fitness in human cervical tissue than T\/F HIV-1 from blood-to-blood contact: Unique glycan profiles on T\/F envelopes associated with transmission phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Ratcliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sashini Loku","family":"Galappaththi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Hathaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Twells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mukti","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Temesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara K.","family":"Mahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Creuzenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4880-7968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3471","article-title":"Bottlenecks in HIV-1 transmission: insights from the study of founder viruses","volume":"13","author":"SB Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0343-8","article-title":"The HIV-1 transmission bottleneck","volume":"14","author":"SM Kariuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"21","key":"ppat.1013177.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802203105","article-title":"Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection","volume":"105","author":"B Keele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.10.009","article-title":"Molecular identification, cloning and characterization of transmitted\/founder HIV-1 subtype A, D and A\/D infectious molecular clones","volume":"436","author":"J Baalwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"46","key":"ppat.1013177.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103764108","article-title":"Role of donor genital tract HIV-1 diversity in the transmission bottleneck","volume":"108","author":"DI Boeras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013177.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005154","article-title":"Heterosexual Transmission of Subtype C HIV-1 Selects Consensus-Like Variants without Increased Replicative Capacity or Interferon-\u03b1 Resistance","volume":"11","author":"MJ Deymier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02216-12","article-title":"Mucosal tissue tropism and dissemination of HIV-1 subtype B acute envelope-expressing chimeric virus","volume":"87","author":"D King","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-015-0265-9","article-title":"Compartmentalization, viral evolution, and viral latency of HIV in the CNS","volume":"12","author":"M Bednar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0115","article-title":"Male genital tract compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)","volume":"24","author":"K Diem","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-87","article-title":"Compartmentalization of the gut viral reservoir in HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"4","author":"G van Marle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013177.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002616","article-title":"Ultradeep sequencing reveals HIV-1 diversity and resistance compartmentalization during HIV-encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"E Giatsou","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013177.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00311-19","article-title":"Evidence for both Intermittent and Persistent Compartmentalization of HIV-1 in the Female Genital Tract","volume":"93","author":"BM Mabvakure","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013177.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00229-20","article-title":"Compartmentalization and Clonal Amplification of HIV-1 in the Male Genital Tract Characterized Using Next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"94","author":"SM Kariuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001053","article-title":"HIV-1 populations in semen arise through multiple mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"J Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref015","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus in semen arises from a genetically distinct virus reservoir","volume":"14","author":"A Kiessling","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1086\/315644","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding pattern in semen correlates with the compartmentalization of viral Quasi species between blood and semen","volume":"182","author":"P Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006754","article-title":"Higher sequence diversity in the vaginal tract than in blood at early HIV-1 infection","volume":"14","author":"K Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25346","article-title":"Mechanisms of sexually transmitted infection-induced inflammation in women: implications for HIV risk","volume":"22","author":"R Mwatelah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000232","article-title":"Genital inflammation, immune activation and risk of sexual HIV acquisition","volume":"11","author":"J-AS Passmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir715","article-title":"Genital tract inflammation during early HIV-1 infection predicts higher plasma viral load set point in women","volume":"205","author":"L Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00122-7","article-title":"Immune parameters of HIV susceptibility in the female genital tract before and after penile-vaginal sex","volume":"2","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communications Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.005","article-title":"Th17 Cells Are Preferentially Infected Very Early after Vaginal Transmission of SIV in Macaques","volume":"19","author":"DJ Stieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013177.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004440","article-title":"Vaginal challenge with an SIV-based dual reporter system reveals that infection can occur throughout the upper and lower female reproductive tract","volume":"10","author":"D Stieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013177.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01737-20","article-title":"Deep gene sequence cluster analyses of multi-virus-infected mucosal tissue reveal enhanced transmission of acute HIV-1","volume":"95","author":"K Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.87","article-title":"Human cervicovaginal mucus contains an activity that hinders HIV-1 movement","volume":"6","author":"SA Shukair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-12-0179","article-title":"Subset of DC-SIGN(+) dendritic cells in human blood transmits HIV-1 to T lymphocytes","volume":"100","author":"A Engering","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2186","article-title":"The lymph node reservoir: physiology, HIV infection, and antiretroviral therapy","volume":"109","author":"EMB Scholz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.7.4347-4356.2005","article-title":"Kinetic factors control efficiencies of cell entry, efficacies of entry inhibitors, and mechanisms of adaptation of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"79","author":"EJ Platt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ppat.1013177.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304288110","article-title":"Phenotypic properties of transmitted founder HIV-1","volume":"110","author":"N Parrish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"13","key":"ppat.1013177.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03577-12","article-title":"Comparison of viral env proteins from acute and chronic infections with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 identifies differences in glycosylation and CCR5 utilization and suggests a new strategy for immunogen design","volume":"87","author":"L Ping","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3449","article-title":"HIV-1 and interferons: who\u2019s interfering with whom?","volume":"13","author":"T Doyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631972","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.631972","article-title":"The female vaginal microbiome in health and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.2.251-256.1989","article-title":"Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"27","author":"DA Eschenbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0855-9","article-title":"Mucus and Mucins: do they have a role in the inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus?","volume":"14","author":"AS Mall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.7.656","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations in cervical mucus of women with normal menstrual cycle","volume":"5","author":"A Moriyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00380-8","article-title":"Constitutive expression of stromal derived factor-1 by mucosal epithelia and its role in HIV transmission and propagation","volume":"10","author":"WW Agace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.97","article-title":"The rectal mucosa and condomless receptive anal intercourse in HIV-negative MSM: implications for HIV transmission and prevention","volume":"10","author":"CF Kelley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/76138","article-title":"In vitro models of mucosal HIV transmission","volume":"6","author":"RJ Shattock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98943","article-title":"HIV-1 replicates and persists in vaginal epithelial dendritic cells","volume":"128","author":"V Pena-Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22375-x","article-title":"Human anogenital monocyte-derived dendritic cells and langerin+cDC2 are major HIV target cells","volume":"12","author":"JW Rhodes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10697-w","article-title":"Identification of HIV transmitting CD11c+ human epidermal dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"KM Bertram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00492-0","article-title":"HIV transmitting mononuclear phagocytes; integrating the old and new","volume":"15","author":"EE Vine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400630","article-title":"Inhibition of two temporal phases of HIV-1 transfer from primary Langerhans cells to T cells: the role of langerin","volume":"193","author":"N Nasr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3390\/v2081704","article-title":"Dendritic cells and HIV-1 trans-infection","volume":"2","author":"D McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013177.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.15.2","article-title":"A mechanistic overview of dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 trans infection: the story so far","volume":"10","author":"SD Kijewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.490","article-title":"The role of human dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection","volume":"135","author":"Z Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref047","first-page":"339840","article-title":"Mechanisms for cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1","volume":"9","author":"L Bracq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3129","article-title":"Immunodeficiency virus uptake, turnover, and 2-phase transfer in human dendritic cells","volume":"103","author":"SG Turville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004146","article-title":"HIV-1 capture and transmission by dendritic cells: the role of viral glycolipids and the cellular receptor Siglec-1","volume":"10","author":"N Izquierdo-Useros","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006181","article-title":"Siglec-1 initiates formation of the virus-containing compartment and enhances macrophage-to-T cell transmission of HIV-1","volume":"13","author":"JE Hammonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013177.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001448","article-title":"Siglec-1 is a novel dendritic cell receptor that mediates HIV-1 trans-infection through recognition of viral membrane gangliosides","volume":"10","author":"N Izquierdo-Useros","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-136473","article-title":"The C-type lectin surface receptor DCIR acts as a new attachment factor for HIV-1 in dendritic cells and contributes to trans- and cis-infection pathways","volume":"112","author":"AA Lambert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro729","article-title":"Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection","volume":"1","author":"RJ Shattock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013177.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111385","article-title":"An in situ analysis pipeline for initial host-pathogen interactions reveals signatures of human colorectal HIV transmission","volume":"40","author":"H Baharlou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2302","article-title":"Setting the stage: host invasion by HIV","volume":"8","author":"F Hladik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.007","article-title":"Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1","volume":"26","author":"F Hladik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000377","article-title":"Elite suppressor-derived HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins exhibit reduced entry efficiency and kinetics","volume":"5","author":"KG Lassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013177.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02051-08","article-title":"CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates have a lower level of pathogenic fitness than other dominant group M subtypes: implications for the epidemic","volume":"83","author":"A Abraha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013177.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001228","article-title":"HIV-1 envelope subregion length variation during disease progression","volume":"6","author":"ME Curlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6914","key":"ppat.1013177.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01200","article-title":"HIV-1 superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of the primary virus","volume":"420","author":"M Altfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6803","key":"ppat.1013177.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/35035103","article-title":"Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection","volume":"407","author":"ES Rosenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01720-07","article-title":"Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection during HIV-1 Gag vaccination","volume":"82","author":"A Balamurugan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-005-0019-1","article-title":"Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"2","author":"M Soogoor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr HIV AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1013177.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14039","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.24.14039-14042.2004","article-title":"Neutralization profiles of newly transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by monoclonal antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10","volume":"78","author":"S Mehandru","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1013177.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10566","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10566-10573.2004","article-title":"Dynamics of intermittent viremia during highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients who initiate therapy during chronic versus acute and early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"78","author":"M Di Mascio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.2.169","article-title":"Cellular immune responses and viral diversity in individuals treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection","volume":"193","author":"M Altfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000365","article-title":"Variable fitness impact of HIV-1 escape mutations to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response","volume":"5","author":"RM Troyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090378","article-title":"Genetic identity, biological phenotype, and evolutionary pathways of transmitted\/founder viruses in acute and early HIV-1 infection","volume":"206","author":"J Salazar-Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0299-0","article-title":"Tracing HIV-1 transmission: envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs","volume":"13","author":"CS Oberle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2144\/000113119","article-title":"A novel yeast-based recombination method to clone and propagate diverse HIV-1 isolates","volume":"46","author":"DM Dudley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1013177.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8258","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02739-06","article-title":"Natural variation in the V3 crown of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affects replicative fitness and entry inhibitor sensitivity","volume":"81","author":"MA Lobritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1013177.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9006","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9006-9018.2005","article-title":"Changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and genetic diversity during disease progression","volume":"79","author":"RM Troyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154656","article-title":"Expression profile of human Fc receptors in mucosal tissue: implications for antibody-dependent cellular effector functions targeting HIV-1 transmission","volume":"11","author":"H Cheeseman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013177.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12198","article-title":"Distribution of immune cells in the human cervix and implications for HIV transmission","volume":"71","author":"RT Trifonova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022212","article-title":"Blockade of attachment and fusion receptors inhibits HIV-1 infection of human cervical tissue","volume":"199","author":"Q Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1013177.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10661","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00056-12","article-title":"HIV controllers maintain a population of highly efficient Th1 effector cells in contrast to patients treated in the long term","volume":"86","author":"B Vingert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282ff884e","article-title":"Suppression of HIV-1 plasma viral load below detection preserves IL-17 producing T cells in HIV-1 infection","volume":"22","author":"L Ndhlovu","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102727","article-title":"Persistent expansion and Th1-like skewing of HIV-specific circulating T follicular helper cells during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"54","author":"J Niessl","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"ppat.1013177.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11284","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01595-15","article-title":"Th1\/17 polarization of CD4 T cells supports HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"89","author":"H Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013177.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008853","article-title":"Infection with multiple HIV-1 founder variants is associated with lower viral replicative capacity, faster CD4+ T cell decline and increased immune activation during acute infection","volume":"16","author":"GN Macharia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1013177.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9222","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9222-9233.2000","article-title":"A dual infection\/competition assay shows a correlation between ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and disease progression","volume":"74","author":"ME Qui\u00f1ones-Mateu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0335-z","article-title":"HIV-1 reservoirs in urethral macrophages of patients under suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"4","author":"Y Ganor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013177.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008271","article-title":"Viral quasispecies","volume":"15","author":"E Domingo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1201","article-title":"SeekDeep: single-base resolution de novo clustering for amplicon deep sequencing","volume":"46","author":"NJ Hathaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1013177.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8979","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.8979-8990.2005","article-title":"The replicative fitness of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 isolates","volume":"79","author":"K Ari\u00ebn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.2.1021-1038.2003","article-title":"Comparing the ex vivo fitness of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates of subtypes B and C","volume":"77","author":"SC Ball","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02068-09","article-title":"Donor and recipient envs from heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus subtype C transmission pairs require high receptor levels for entry","volume":"84","author":"M Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101260-00004","article-title":"Chemokine\/CD4 receptor density ratios correlate with HIV replication in lymph node and peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals","volume":"15","author":"MA Nokta","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref089","article-title":"Quantifying CD4\/CCR5 usage efficiency of HIV-1 env using the affinofile system","volume-title":"Methods Mol Biol","author":"NE Webb","year":"2016"},{"issue":"21","key":"ppat.1013177.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01242-09","article-title":"A quantitative affinity-profiling system that reveals distinct CD4\/CCR5 usage patterns among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus strains","volume":"83","author":"SH Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-170-3_26","article-title":"Measuring HIV neutralization in a luciferase reporter gene assay","volume":"485","author":"DC Montefiori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013177.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031266","article-title":"Use of a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor in macaques to treat simian immunodeficiency virus infection or prevent simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"198","author":"RS Veazey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013177.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4721-4732.2005","article-title":"Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective small-molecule inhibitor of chemokine receptor CCR5 with broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity","volume":"49","author":"P Dorr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02511-12","article-title":"Multifaceted mechanisms of HIV inhibition and resistance to CCR5 inhibitors PSC-RANTES and Maraviroc","volume":"57","author":"MA Lobritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3390\/v2051069","article-title":"HIV-1 entry, inhibitors, and resistance","volume":"2","author":"MA Lobritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01863-12","article-title":"HIV-1 resistance to maraviroc conferred by a CD4 binding site mutation in the envelope glycoprotein gp120","volume":"87","author":"AN Ratcliff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1013177.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01851-21","article-title":"Enhancement of CD4 binding, host cell entry, and sensitivity to CD4bs antibody inhibition conferred by a natural but rare polymorphism in the HIV-1 envelope","volume":"96","author":"AN Ratcliff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1896-1905.2002","article-title":"Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy","volume":"46","author":"X Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.01.029","article-title":"Env length and N-linked glycosylation following transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B viruses","volume":"374","author":"Y Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1013177.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9586","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00141-06","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V1-V2 envelope loop sequences expand and add glycosylation sites over the course of infection, and these modifications affect antibody neutralization sensitivity","volume":"80","author":"M Sagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013177.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6528-6531.2005","article-title":"Selection for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycosylation variants with shorter V1-V2 loop sequences occurs during transmission of certain genetic subtypes and may impact viral RNA levels","volume":"79","author":"B Chohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013177.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023521","article-title":"The glycan shield of HIV is predominantly oligomannose independently of production system or viral clade","volume":"6","author":"C Bonomelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"31","key":"ppat.1013177.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006498107","article-title":"Envelope glycans of immunodeficiency virions are almost entirely oligomannose antigens","volume":"107","author":"K Doores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"28","key":"ppat.1013177.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704954104","article-title":"A ratiometric lectin microarray approach to analysis of the dynamic mammalian glycome","volume":"104","author":"KT Pilobello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200400403","article-title":"Development of a lectin microarray for the rapid analysis of protein glycopatterns","volume":"6","author":"KT Pilobello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013177.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.1c00689","article-title":"A useful guide to lectin binding: machine-learning directed annotation of 57 unique lectin specificities","volume":"17","author":"D Bojar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.151","article-title":"HIV-1 and microvesicles from T cells share a common glycome, arguing for a common origin","volume":"5","author":"L Krishnamoorthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref108","article-title":"HIV-1 interaction with an O-glycan-specific bacterial lectin enhances virus infectivity and resistance to neutralization by antibodies","author":"D Heindel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.9b00458","article-title":"Molecular Insights into DC-SIGN Binding to Self-Antigens: The Interaction with the Blood Group A\/B Antigens","volume":"14","author":"P Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4898","article-title":"Fucose-specific DC-SIGN signalling directs T helper cell type-2 responses via IKK\u03b5- and CYLD-dependent Bcl3 activation","volume":"5","author":"SI Gringhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013177.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141934","article-title":"Langerin, the \u201ccatcher in the rye\u201d: an important receptor for pathogens on Langerhans cells","volume":"41","author":"P Stoitzner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013177.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2217\/17460794.3.3.225","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin in HIV infection","volume":"3","author":"S Eisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013177.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/088922204322996563","article-title":"Interaction of mannose-binding lectin with HIV type 1 is sufficient for virus opsonization but not neutralization","volume":"20","author":"H Ying","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-4-949","article-title":"Interaction of mannose-binding lectin with primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"81","author":"M Saifuddin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.11.023","article-title":"Highly conserved HIV-1 gp120 glycans proximal to CD4-binding region affect viral infectivity and neutralizing antibody induction","volume":"423","author":"X Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005619","article-title":"Differences in the Selection Bottleneck between Modes of Sexual Transmission Influence the Genetic Composition of the HIV-1 Founder Virus","volume":"12","author":"DC Tully","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70186-9","article-title":"Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease","volume":"11","author":"DM Tebit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30647-9","article-title":"Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990\u20132015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis","volume":"19","author":"J Hemelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400820","article-title":"Live simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine correlate of protection: local antibody production and concentration on the path of virus entry","volume":"193","author":"Q Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.614115","article-title":"IL-7-adjuvanted vaginal vaccine elicits strong mucosal immune responses in non-human primates","volume":"12","author":"S Logerot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7100","article-title":"Vaginal type-II mucosa is an inductive site for primary CD8\u207a T-cell mucosal immunity","volume":"6","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013177.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080545","article-title":"Vaginal immunization to elicit primary T-cell activation and dissemination","volume":"8","author":"E Pettini","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013177.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021109","article-title":"Vaginal submucosal dendritic cells, but not Langerhans cells, induce protective Th1 responses to herpes simplex virus-2","volume":"197","author":"X Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-146","article-title":"Relative resistance of HIV-1 founder viruses to control by interferon-alpha","volume":"10","author":"AE Fenton-May","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref125","article-title":"Resistance to type 1 interferons is a major determinant of HIV-1 transmission fitness","volume":"114","author":"SS Iyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013177.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076367","article-title":"Viral RNA levels and env variants in semen and tissues of mature male rhesus macaques infected with SIV by penile inoculation","volume":"8","author":"F Fieni","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.07.016","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin is produced by vaginal epithelial cells and its level in the vaginal fluid is influenced by progesterone","volume":"48","author":"R Bulla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02660.x","article-title":"Mannose binding lectin and C3 act as recognition molecules for infectious agents in the vagina","volume":"139","author":"V Pellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013177.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1086\/377234","article-title":"Relation between recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal concentrations of mannose-binding lectin, and a mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism in Latvian women","volume":"37","author":"O Babula","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0004-8","article-title":"C-type lectins in immunity and homeostasis","volume":"18","author":"GD Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7365","key":"ppat.1013177.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10373","article-title":"Broad neutralization coverage of HIV by multiple highly potent antibodies","volume":"477","author":"LM Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013177.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwg054","article-title":"Fucose: biosynthesis and biological function in mammals","volume":"13","author":"DJ Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ppat.1013177.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.03.027","article-title":"Antigen processing and presentation in HIV infection","volume":"113","author":"J Boucau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"9047","key":"ppat.1013177.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08440-1","article-title":"Susceptibility to HIV infection and progression of AIDS in relation to variant alleles of mannose-binding lectin","volume":"349","author":"P Garred","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053138","article-title":"Cell-to-cell transmission can overcome multiple donor and target cell barriers imposed on cell-free HIV","volume":"8","author":"P Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.01.056","article-title":"Discovery of O-linked carbohydrate on HIV-1 envelope and its role in shielding against one category of broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"30","author":"ZA Silver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124784","article-title":"Gp120 on HIV-1 Virions Lacks O-Linked Carbohydrate","volume":"10","author":"E Stansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1013177.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6959","DOI":"10.1021\/ac500876p","article-title":"Glycoform analysis of recombinant and human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein gp120 via higher energy collisional dissociation and spectral-aligning strategy","volume":"86","author":"W Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013177.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179949","article-title":"Hek293t cell lines defective for o-linked glycosylation","volume":"12","author":"J Termini","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1013177.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01228-17","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus maintain high levels of infectivity in the complete absence of mucin-type O-glycosylation","volume":"91","author":"J Termini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1013177.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000185989.16477.91","article-title":"Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time","volume":"19","author":"KK Ari\u00ebn","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013177.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.371","article-title":"Epitope mapping and topology of baculovirus-expressed HIV-1 gp160 determined with a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies","volume":"10","author":"YH Abacioglu","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013177.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-016-0125-8","article-title":"Infection of rhesus macaques with a pool of simian immunodeficiency virus with the envelope genes from acute HIV-1 infections","volume":"13","author":"KC Krebs","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013697","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T18:01:25Z","timestamp":1749146485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Douek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013177","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}