{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:11:21Z","timestamp":1791983481039,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["759534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["759534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004189","name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Lise Meitner Excellence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lise Meitner Excellence Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In seasonal transmission areas, clinical malaria occurs during the wet season when mosquitoes are present, while in the dry season, malaria transmission is interrupted and clinical cases are rare. In Mali,\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    can persist in low parasitaemic asymptomatic individuals through the six-month dry season and shows circulation of more developed parasite stages compared to clinical malaria cases, indicative of reduced cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes. How prolonged circulation of infected erythrocytes is achieved remains unknown. Here, we explored\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression in subclinical infections and clinical malaria cases of Malian children, collected during the dry and wet seasons. We sequenced expressed\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    DBL\u03b1-tags\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    used bioinformatic tools to predict their domain composition, binding phenotype and upstream sequence type; and determined their relationship to seasonality and clinical presentation. We found that parasites of asymptomatic infections expressed fewer\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, with a larger proportion of\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts attributed to one or a few\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    s. In contrast, clinical cases exhibited expression of many\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes at lower proportions. We found that parasites of asymptomatic carriers expressed a mixture of CD36- and EPCR-binding PfEMP1, which changed over time. We confirmed that\n                    <jats:italic>vars<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding CD36-binding PfEMP1 dominated in non-severe malaria cases, and found no significant difference in expressed\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    types between dry and wet seasons. Asymptomatic carriers were older, had higher titers of anti-\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies, and broader reactivity to PfEMP1, suggesting that host immunity was the main determinant limiting\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcript variation in asymptomatic carriers. However, qRT-PCR analyses also indicated higher total\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcript levels in malaria cases compared to asymptomatic carriers, suggesting that in addition to the parasite\u2019s switching and the host\u2019s immune selection of expressed\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, parasites able to sustain long-term infections may be poised for reduced PfEMP1 expression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T13:55:28Z","timestamp":1749563728000},"page":"e1013210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum expresses fewer var genes at lower levels during asymptomatic dry season infections than clinical malaria cases"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sukai","family":"Ceesay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Votborg-Nov\u00e9l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle Smedegaard","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmus Weisel","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Carrasquilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidou","family":"Cisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"Dabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Ntalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Bandermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safiatou","family":"Doumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Doumtabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aissata","family":"Ongoiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassoum","family":"Kayentao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boubacar","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Crompton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lavstsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4567-9101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvia","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1013210.ref001","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013210.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3497","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1","volume":"93","author":"DI 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