{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:47:43Z","timestamp":1792349263400,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013329","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000}}],"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI144705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI144705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI166857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI166857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) is a proinflammatory cytokine and a master regulator of immune cell function in vertebrates. While previous studies have implicated TNF signaling in invertebrate immunity, the roles of TNF in mosquito innate immunity and vector competence have yet to be functionally explored. Herein, we confirm the identification of a conserved TNF-\u03b1 pathway in <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> consisting of the TNF-\u03b1 ligand, Eiger, and its cognate receptors Wengen and Grindelwald. Through gene expression analysis, RNAi, and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> injection of recombinant TNF-\u03b1, we provide direct evidence for the requirement of TNF signaling in regulating mosquito immune cell function by promoting granulocyte midgut attachment, increased granulocyte abundance, and oenocytoid rupture. Moreover, our data demonstrate that TNF signaling is an integral component of anti-<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> immunity that limits malaria parasite survival. Together, our data support the existence of a highly conserved TNF signaling pathway in mosquitoes that mediates cellular immunity and influences <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection outcomes, offering potential new approaches to interfere with malaria transmission by targeting the mosquito host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T13:49:19Z","timestamp":1751550559000},"page":"e1013329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["TNF signaling mediates cellular immune function and promotes malaria parasite killing in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"George-Rafael","family":"Samantsidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeogsun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Wendland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Fonder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-2265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1013329.ref001","volume-title":"Word Malaria Report 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