{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:17:56Z","timestamp":1793312276127,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013350","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000}}],"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["324730_207957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324730_207957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010474","name":"Swiss HIV Cohort Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010474","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Co-infection with <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MTB) differentially modulates untreated HIV-1 infection, with asymptomatic MTB reducing HIV-1 viremia and opportunistic infections and active tuberculosis (TB) accelerating AIDS progression. Here, we investigate antibody (Ab) responses to HIV-1 in people with HIV (PWH) without MTB, with asymptomatic MTB, and with later progression to active TB to elucidate MTB-associated effects on HIV-1 immune control.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Using the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), we conducted a retrospective study that included 2,840 PWH with data on MTB status and HIV-1-specific plasma binding-\/neutralizing-responses. We evaluated associations between MTB status and binding-\/neutralizing-responses while adjusting for key disease and demographic parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the included 2,840 PWH, 263 PWH had asymptomatic MTB based on either a positive TST-\/IGRA-test at the baseline (time of HIV-1 Ab measurement) or on later progression to active TB. Compared to PWH without MTB infection, PWH with asymptomatic MTB infection showed reduced HIV-1 Ab levels, both for Env binding (e.g., IgG1 BG505 trimer antigen, p\u2009=\u20090.024) and neutralization of a diverse panel of HIV-1 viruses (p\u2009=\u20090.012). Conversely, PWH (n\u2009=\u200932) who later progressed to active TB (&gt;180 days after baseline) demonstrated a significant shift towards IgG3 in their HIV-1 Ab repertoire (p\u2009=\u20090.011), detectable in median 3.8 years (IQR 2.4 \u2013 8.7) before active TB onset.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our data indicate that asymptomatic MTB infection and active TB exert profound heterologous effects on HIV-1 specific Ab development. These findings advance our understanding of host-pathogen dynamics and may have implications for new diagnostic approaches in predicting future active TB.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T18:37:02Z","timestamp":1755110222000},"page":"e1013350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis alters the antibody response to HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6822-1473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marius","family":"Zeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Kusejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Hartnack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Pasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene A.","family":"Abela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rusert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Liechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Kadelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Notter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Eichenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans H.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Calmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Cavassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklaus D.","family":"Labhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enos","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huldrych F.","family":"G\u00fcnthard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger D.","family":"Kouyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Trkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1013350.ref001","unstructured":"WHO TB Factsheet. 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