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Formate, an SCFA found in the ileum, enhances STM invasion, but the role of the intracellular formate pool in STM pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Deletion of the <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic> gene, which encodes pyruvate-formate lyase, depletes this intracellular pool, leading to reduced flagellation and increased expression of pathogenicity island-1 genes (<jats:italic>hilA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>prgH<\/jats:italic>). This response is driven by elevated intracellular pH and membrane damage, triggering a shift from adhesion to invasion. This transition is regulated by the membrane-bound extra cytoplasmic sigma factor RpoE via the CsrA\/<jats:italic>csrB<\/jats:italic> pathway. Replenishing the intracellular formate pool enabled STM \u0394<jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic> to use formate as a signalling molecule to modulate virulence. Our findings underscore the critical role of intracellular formate in maintaining pH balance and coordinating the regulation of flagellar and SPI-1 genes, emphasizing the need to fine-tune <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic> expression across intestinal regions for optimal STM invasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:29:22Z","timestamp":1757006962000},"page":"e1013453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intracellular formate modulates a motility-invasion switch in Salmonella 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