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There are no vaccines and no effective treatments for these patients.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites are transmitted as an oocyst, which is composed of a hardy oocyst wall that protects parasites in the environment. Oocysts are often waterborne, and are resistant to common water treatments, including chlorination. Little is understood about how the\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    oocyst is constructed, its composition, and the how it resists chlorination. A family of nine\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    Oocyst Wall Proteins (COWPs) is predicted from the genome. However, due to the technical challenges of working with this parasite in the laboratory, only\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>cowp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    has been investigated to date. Using CRISPR\/Cas9, fluorescent fusions were generated for the remaining members of the family,\n                    <jats:italic>COWP<\/jats:italic>\n                    s 2\u20139. Microscopy confirms that all\n                    <jats:italic>COWP<\/jats:italic>\n                    s localise to the oocyst wall. Further,\n                    <jats:italic>COWP<\/jats:italic>\n                    s 2\u20134 appear to localise specifically to the oocyst suture, the site from which parasites emerge from the oocyst during infection.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Cowp<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    6 and 8 were observed to be expressed by female parasites. These proteins localise to puncta consistent with organelles called wall forming bodies. These organelles store and then secrete material to form the oocyst wall. Parasites lacking\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>cowp8<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    produce viable oocysts that have typical oocyst morphology.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Cowp8<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout oocysts are transmissible under laboratory settings and readily infect immunocompromised mice. Biomechanical measurements determine that\n                    <jats:italic>COWP8<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not required for the strength of the oocyst wall. This work confirms the role of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>cowp<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    s in oocyst wall formation and sets a foundation for further exploration of the role of these proteins in transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T17:38:35Z","timestamp":1761241115000},"page":"e1013561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cryptosporidium oocyst wall proteins are true components of the oocyst wall and COWP8 is not required for parasite transmission"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ross","family":"Bacchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Lemgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Azevedo","family":"Gonzalez Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Alexandrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack C.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Seizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Vassalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2002-6681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mattie Christine","family":"Pawlowic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9888","key":"ppat.1013561.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1013561.ref002","unstructured":"IHME. 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