{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:37:56Z","timestamp":1790728676330,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013628","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000}}],"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010676","name":"H2020 Societal Challenges","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-EBI3-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-EBI3-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FOOD\/2016\/379-660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOOD\/2016\/379-660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013322","name":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016302","name":"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INAN1901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INAN1901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G051322N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G051322N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G054820N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G054820N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1271922N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1271922N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wildlife reservoir and spillover mechanisms of Ebola virus remain elusive despite extensive research efforts in endemic areas. This study employed a One Health approach to examine the virus\u2019 circulation in wildlife and the associated human exposure risks in the Tshuapa province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We screened 1049 samples from 919 animals, predominantly small mammals, collected in 2021, and 380 samples from inhabitants of Inkanamongo village, the site of an Ebola virus disease outbreak in 2014. These samples were screened for evidence of current (RNA) or past (IgG antibodies) Ebola virus infections. We also conducted interviews with 167 individuals in the surrounding districts to assess their interactions with wildlife. While no Ebola virus RNA was detected in the wildlife samples, anti-orthoebolavirus IgG antibodies were found in 13 bats and 38 rodents. Among the human participants, 120 individuals had IgG antibodies against at least 1 orthoebolavirus antigen, with 12 showing seropositivity for 2 antigens of the same orthoebolavirus, despite not having a prior Ebola disease diagnosis. Furthermore, the majority of respondents reported frequent visits to the forest to hunt a variety of wild animals, particularly ungulates and rodents, which could account for occasional viral spillovers. The absence of active Ebola virus circulation in wildlife may reflect seasonal patterns in reservoir ecology, as those observed in bats. Similarly, seasonal human activities, such as hunting and foraging, may result in periodic exposure risks. These findings highlight the importance of continuous, multidisciplinary surveillance to monitor changes in seasonal spillover risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T18:44:21Z","timestamp":1764182661000},"page":"e1013628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing Ebola virus circulation in the Tshuapa province (Democratic Republic of the Congo): A One Health investigation of wildlife and human interactions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1116-0184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rianne","family":"van Vredendaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Joffrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antea","family":"Paviotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Mande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Milolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Fourchault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Adroabadrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Baelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Ngoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Papy","family":"Ansobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casimir","family":"Nebesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahidjo","family":"Ayouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeliss","family":"Champagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bouillin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"T\u0115\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Van Houtte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Gryseels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Salloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Bikioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Thys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Mpato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Ilonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Kimina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ynke","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwen","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Van Geertruyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hypolite","family":"Muhindo-Mavoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mitashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herwig","family":"Leirs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Verheyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy-Crispin","family":"Gembu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Mari\u00ebn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref001"},{"issue":"22","key":"ppat.1013628.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411099","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"371","author":"GD Maganga","year":"2014","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04395","article-title":"Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa","volume":"3","author":"DM Pigott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013628.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.191552","article-title":"Role of wildlife in emergence of ebola virus in Kaigbono (Likati), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017","volume":"26","author":"S Gryseels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013628.ref005","first-page":"271","article-title":"Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976","volume":"56","author":"Report of an International Commission","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013628.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180740","article-title":"Survey of Ebola viruses in frugivorous and insectivorous bats in Guinea, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2015\u20132017","volume":"24","author":"HM De Nys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013628.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010504","article-title":"Zaire ebolavirus surveillance near the Bikoro region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the 2018 outbreak reveals presence of seropositive bats","volume":"16","author":"SN Seifert","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref008","article-title":"Search for the Ebola virus reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: reflections on a vertebrate collection","author":"H Leirs","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013628.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050557","article-title":"Investigating the circulation of Ebola viruses in bats during the Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Equateur and North Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2018","volume":"10","author":"A Lacroix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013628.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091927","article-title":"Extensive Survey and Analysis of Factors Associated with Presence of Antibodies to Orthoebolaviruses in Bats from West and Central Africa","volume":"15","author":"M Peeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013628.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040533","article-title":"Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001\u20132003","volume":"11","author":"P Rouquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref012","first-page":"1994","article-title":"Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues","volume":"179","author":"AJ Georges","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref013","first-page":"218","article-title":"Clinical management of patients and deceased during the Ebola outbreak from October to December 2003 in Republic of Congo","volume":"98","author":"P Boumandouki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"issue":"5656","key":"ppat.1013628.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092528","article-title":"Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife","volume":"303","author":"EM Leroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"43","key":"ppat.1013628.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704076104","article-title":"Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants","volume":"104","author":"TJ Wittmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6932","key":"ppat.1013628.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01566","article-title":"Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa","volume":"422","author":"PD Walsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013628.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0167","article-title":"Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007","volume":"9","author":"EM Leroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013628.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404792","article-title":"Investigating the zoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic","volume":"7","author":"A Mar\u00ed Sa\u00e9z","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013628.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.111654","article-title":"Ebola virus antibodies in fruit bats, Ghana, West Africa","volume":"18","author":"DTS Hayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-159","article-title":"Large serological survey showing cocirculation of Ebola and Marburg viruses in Gabonese bat populations, and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in Rousettus aegyptiacus","volume":"9","author":"X Pourrut","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7068","key":"ppat.1013628.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/438575a","article-title":"Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus","volume":"438","author":"EM Leroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013628.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536","article-title":"Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats","volume":"5","author":"JS Towner","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013628.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190581","article-title":"Bombali Virus in Mops condylurus Bats, Guinea","volume":"25","author":"LS Karan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013628.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29298-1","article-title":"Isolation of infectious Lloviu virus from Schreiber\u2019s bats in Hungary","volume":"13","author":"G Kemenesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0328-y","article-title":"Characterization of a filovirus (M\u011bngl\u00e0 virus) from Rousettus bats in China","volume":"4","author":"X-L Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013628.ref026","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of Puumala hantavirus infection in cyclic populations of bank voles","volume":"6","author":"L Voutilainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.100526","article-title":"Amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony","volume":"17","author":"JF Drexler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1803","key":"ppat.1013628.ref028","first-page":"20142591","article-title":"Biannual birth pulses allow filoviruses to persist in bat populations","volume":"282","author":"DTS Hayman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013628.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211600","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211600","article-title":"Seasonality of coronavirus shedding in tropical bats","volume":"9","author":"L Joffrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"1786","key":"ppat.1013628.ref030","first-page":"20132962","article-title":"The effect of seasonal birth pulses on pathogen persistence in wild mammal populations","volume":"281","author":"AJ Peel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-02-044","article-title":"A Recently Discovered Pathogenic Paramyxovirus, Sosuga Virus, is Present in Rousettus aegyptiacus Fruit Bats at Multiple Locations in Uganda","volume":"51","author":"BR Amman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013628.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124037","article-title":"Constructing rigorous and broad biosurveillance networks for detecting emerging zoonotic outbreaks","volume":"10","author":"M Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1013628.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005087","article-title":"Minimally Symptomatic Infection in an Ebola \u201cHotspot\u201d: A Cross-Sectional Serosurvey","volume":"10","author":"ET Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013628.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08460-8","article-title":"The bat meat chain and perceptions of the risk of contracting Ebola in the Mount Cameroon region","volume":"20","author":"ES Akem","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12563","article-title":"Understanding Ebola virus and other zoonotic transmission risks through human\u2013bat contacts: exploratory study on knowledge, attitudes and practices in Southern Cameroon","volume":"66","author":"H Baudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013628.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2006.00073.x","article-title":"Healthy hunting in central Africa","volume":"9","author":"M Lebreton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013628.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12357","article-title":"Knowledge, perceptions and attitude of a community living around a colony of straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) in Ghana after Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa","volume":"64","author":"F Gbogbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013628.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009566","article-title":"Zoonotic risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Ebola virus GP antibodies in the absence of diagnosed Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"15","author":"A Bratcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"ppat.1013628.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.004","article-title":"Ebola epidemic in war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018: Acceptability and patient satisfaction of the recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus - Zaire Ebolavirus Vaccine","volume":"37","author":"MC Kasereka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013628.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2006.00030.x","article-title":"Patterns of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of disease risk among central African communities","volume":"9","author":"M LeBreton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013628.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-016-1100-5","article-title":"Lessons from the Ebola Outbreak: Action Items for Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response","volume":"13","author":"KH Jacobsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013628.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.150260","article-title":"Filovirus RNA in Fruit Bats, China","volume":"21","author":"B He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013628.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0227-2","article-title":"The discovery of Bombali virus adds further support for bats as hosts of ebolaviruses","volume":"3","author":"T Goldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013628.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01979-16","article-title":"Development of a Sensitive and Specific Serological Assay Based on Luminex Technology for Detection of Antibodies to Zaire Ebola Virus","volume":"55","author":"A Ayouba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref045","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref046","article-title":"High seroreactivities to Ebola viruses unrelated to Ebola outbreaks in two studies in Central Africa: A case-control study on non-human primate bites and a cross-sectional survey in humans in rural Cameroon","volume":"27","author":"JL Ramassamy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107129","article-title":"Ebola virus circulation in a non-epidemic Guinean rural area: A mixed-method approach to assessing endemicity","volume":"146","author":"CG Hounmenou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013628.ref048","article-title":"Temporal evolution of the humoral antibody response after Ebola virus disease in Guinea: a 60-month observational prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"MSK Diallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013628.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix584","article-title":"Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40 Years after Infection","volume":"217","author":"AW Rimoin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013628.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x","article-title":"Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"S Altizer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030560","article-title":"Dynamics of Antibodies to Ebolaviruses in an Eidolon helvum Bat Colony in Cameroon","volume":"14","author":"DM Djomsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6015","key":"ppat.1013628.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194694","article-title":"Animal migration and infectious disease risk","volume":"331","author":"S Altizer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1013628.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)00242-7","article-title":"Identification of Ebola virus sequences present as RNA or DNA in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the Central African Republic","volume":"1","author":"JM Morvan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-193","article-title":"Filoviruses are ancient and integrated into mammalian genomes","volume":"10","author":"DJ Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013628.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001030","article-title":"Unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient bornavirus and ebolavirus\/marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes","volume":"6","author":"VA Belyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013628.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010993","article-title":"Traits, phylogeny and host cell receptors predict Ebolavirus host status among African mammals","volume":"16","author":"M Sundaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013628.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040346","article-title":"Potential mammalian filovirus reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"AT Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013628.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30649-2","article-title":"Prevalence of infection among asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic contact persons exposed to Ebola virus in Guinea: a retrospective, cross-sectional observational study","volume":"19","author":"MSK Diallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7846","key":"ppat.1013628.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03146-y","article-title":"Ebola virus antibody decay-stimulation in a high proportion of survivors","volume":"590","author":"C Adaken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contextual, Social and Epidemiological Characteristics of the Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Likati Health Zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017","volume":"8","author":"KEL Grimes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ppat.1013628.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100117","article-title":"Ebola in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: One Health approach to infectious disease control","volume":"9","author":"FK Sikakulya","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013628","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T19:11:09Z","timestamp":1764961869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013628"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}}}