{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:53:46Z","timestamp":1791269626405,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32192452, 32150005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32192452, 32150005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["2024500CB0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024500CB0010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In 2018, two novel influenza-like virus genomes were first identified in basal vertebrates: the Asiatic toads (\n                    <jats:italic>Bufo gargarizans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and spiny eels (\n                    <jats:italic>Mastacembelus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Their hemagglutinin (HA) proteins exhibit remarkably low amino acid sequences homology (23.0% and 42.8%, respectively) compared to influenza B virus (IBV), their closest canonical influenza virus relative. This study revealed that the Asiatic toad influenza-like virus HA (tHA) demonstrates dual receptor specificity, bound both \u03b12\u20133 (avian-type) and \u03b12\u20136 (human-type) sialic acid (SA) receptors, whereas the spiny eel influenza-like virus HA (eHA) lacks this capability. Biophysical characterization showed reduced thermal stability (lower T\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    values) for both tHA and eHA compared to canonical influenza HA. Furthermore, we determined the cryo-EM structures of apo-tHA, tHA in complex with either \u03b12\u20133 SA receptor or \u03b12\u20136 SA receptor, as well as apo-eHA and eHA bound to GM2 complex. Our analysis revealed that tHA has a shorter length and looser HA trimer packing compared to canonical HA. These findings collectively indicate that influenza-like viruses in basal vertebrates have evolutionarily acquired dual SA receptor-binding capacity, a trait critical for cross-species transmission in influenza viruses. However, the observed thermolability of these HA proteins suggests that host physiological temperatures may impose a barrier to zoonotic spillover.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T18:27:37Z","timestamp":1764181657000},"page":"e1013640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The hemagglutinin-like proteins of basal vertebrate influenza-like viruses exhibit sialic-acid receptor binding disparity and their structural 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