{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:16:08Z","timestamp":1767183368387,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013661","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000}}],"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AI181705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AI181705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007899","name":"University of Arizona","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Moya-Teller Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Moya-Teller Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008782","name":"University of Hawai'i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Edwin C Cadman Endowment Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edwin C Cadman Endowment Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid tissues are major sites of HIV expression in untreated people living with HIV (PLWH), but whether lymphoid B cells promote HIV expression in CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells is unknown. Using a tonsil model and flow cytometry, germinal center B cells induced HIV expression in follicular helper CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells (TFH) in a concentration-, contact-, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-dependent manner. Non-na\u00efve tonsil B cells also induced HIV expression in nonTFH CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009T cells that was MHC-II restricted.\n                    <jats:italic>In situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization and immunofluorescent staining of lymph node sections from six PLWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and six ART-na\u00efve PLWH demonstrated most HIV RNA-expressing (vRNA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) cells were adjacent to at least one B cell. In both groups, vRNA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells per mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    were elevated in B cell follicles, particularly after adjusting for CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>CD4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009frequencies. TFH (PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      BCL6\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were a minority of vRNA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells in all PLWH. In contrast to ART-na\u00efve PLWH, most vRNA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells in PLWH on ART resided outside follicles, and were preferentially adjacent to extrafollicular B cells. Thus, B cells upregulate HIV expression largely through cognate interactions\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and are linked to HIV expression in secondary lymphoid tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764614522000},"page":"e1013661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lymphoid B cells upregulate HIV-1 ex vivo and are linked to its expression in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-6638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Ollerton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy 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