{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:23:49Z","timestamp":1777091029224,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["228237\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["228237\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309148\/Z\/24\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309148\/Z\/24\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBF009\/1079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBF009\/1079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucosal barrier sites are specialised interfaces that constantly defend against challenges, from tissue damage to infections. When considering these sites, we typically think of the lungs, gut, mouth or skin. However, a site often overlooked is the female reproductive tract (FRT), an equally dynamic mucosal site uniquely tasked with both immune defence and sustaining new life. The FRT undergoes dramatic tissue remodelling and can return to a homeostatic state without scarring \u2013 an ability shared only with the oral mucosa and foetal skin. Given the interconnected nature of mucosal systems, disruption of intestinal homeostasis by enteric or systemic infection has broad impacts on systemic immunity, prompting us to consider how such disturbances could impact the FRT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:27:33Z","timestamp":1764786453000},"page":"e1013711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The female reproductive tract-gut axis in gastrointestinal parasitic infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7932-634X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivia","family":"Shorthouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice H.","family":"Costain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013711.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13136","article-title":"Immune responses in the human female reproductive tract","volume":"160","author":"L Monin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013711.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.105953","article-title":"Dynamic states of cervical epithelia during pregnancy and epithelial barrier disruption","volume":"26","author":"A Cooley","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013711.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3819","article-title":"The role of sex hormones in immune protection of the female reproductive tract","volume":"15","author":"CR Wira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.1.16","article-title":"Immune cells in the female reproductive tract","volume":"15","author":"SK Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013711.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.07.002","article-title":"The intestinal epithelium at the forefront of host-helminth interactions","volume":"36","author":"G Coakley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2024.100503","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of cilia in the female reproductive tract","volume":"34","author":"MI Hunter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013711.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-020-02028-0","article-title":"Organoids of the female reproductive tract","volume":"99","author":"C Chumduri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013711.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2016.09.525","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections","volume":"3","author":"CM O\u2019Connell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1013711.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90235-D","article-title":"Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: Is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon?","volume":"14","author":"TG Wegmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"7309","key":"ppat.1013711.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7309.394","article-title":"Hormonal markers of susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections: are we taking them seriously?","volume":"323","author":"L Brabin","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0018","article-title":"Sex steroid hormones, hormonal contraception, and the immunobiology of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection","volume":"31","author":"Z Hel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00153","article-title":"Pregnancy gestation impacts on HIV-1-specific granzyme B response and central memory CD4 T cells","volume":"11","author":"ATH Cocker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103975","article-title":"Synergy between Th1 and Th2 responses during endometriosis: A review of current understanding","volume":"158","author":"LY Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013711.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29912","article-title":"Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"236","author":"M Rostamtabar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013711.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz087","article-title":"Cervical cytokines associated with chlamydia trachomatis susceptibility and protection","volume":"220","author":"TB Poston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110001","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1110001","article-title":"Female reproductive tract-organ axes","volume":"14","author":"K Takada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1013711.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180610","article-title":"ILC2s mediate systemic innate protection by priming mucus production at distal mucosal sites","volume":"216","author":"L Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system","volume":"13","author":"X Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6263","key":"ppat.1013711.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7902","article-title":"Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women","volume":"350","author":"AD Blackwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013711.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0503","article-title":"Maternal Hookworm Infection and Its Effects on Maternal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"103","author":"TE Ness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013711.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12101","article-title":"Pregnancy and helminth infections","volume":"36","author":"H Mpairwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter. 2002;2."},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013711.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.034","article-title":"Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation","volume":"134","author":"K Straubinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013711.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.180","article-title":"Reduced reproductive efficiency in mice with schistosomiasis mansoni and in uninfected pregnant mice injected with antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens","volume":"43","author":"T Amano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref025","first-page":"277","article-title":"Mutual effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection and pregnancy in experimental C57 BL\/6 black mice","volume":"28","author":"HM el-Nahal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577516","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.577516","article-title":"Impact of Helminth Infections on Female Reproductive Health and Associated Diseases","volume":"11","author":"A Chetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013711.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv498","article-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections Are Associated With an Increase in Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and a T-Helper Type 2 Cytokine Signature in Cervical Fluids","volume":"213","author":"PE Gravitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013711.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.004","article-title":"Il4ra-independent vaginal eosinophil accumulation following helminth infection exacerbates epithelial ulcerative pathology of HSV-2 infection","volume":"29","author":"A Chetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496447","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2496447","article-title":"Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity","volume":"17","author":"Y Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013711.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17061044","article-title":"The Gut-Endometrium Axis: Exploring the Role of Microbiome in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Endometrial Cancer-A Narrative Review","volume":"17","author":"B Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00202-5","article-title":"Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones oestradiol and progesterone","volume":"38","author":"KW Beagley","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013711.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.11.015","volume":"8","author":"J Schilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013711.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-21-0238","article-title":"Female reproductive dysfunctions and the gut microbiota","volume":"69","author":"SB Chadchan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013711.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"B Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013711.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0008-5","article-title":"The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity","volume":"11","author":"TP Brosschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013711.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12590","article-title":"Emerging insights into hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation and interaction with stress signalling","volume":"30","author":"A Acevedo-Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.07.004","article-title":"The immunomodulatory role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Proximate mechanism for reproduction-immune trade offs?","volume":"66","author":"H Segner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013711.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.11.001","article-title":"Microbiota, a third player in the host\u2013Plasmodium affair","volume":"36","author":"D Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585857","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585857","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbiota in Chagas disease: what do we know so far?","volume":"11","author":"E Duarte-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013711.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.021","article-title":"The cycling and aging mouse female reproductive tract at single-cell resolution","volume":"187","author":"I Winkler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1013711.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790627","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.790627","article-title":"The Microbiome as a Key Regulator of Female Genital Tract Barrier Function","volume":"11","author":"A Plesniarski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:27:41Z","timestamp":1764786461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013711"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Zamanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013711","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}