{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:05:27Z","timestamp":1788930327557,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI173256, R01AI178711, P01AI181934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI173256, R01AI178711, P01AI181934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI173835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI173835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VA-160113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VA-160113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014731","name":"Global Lyme Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013479","name":"Bay Area Lyme Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016230","name":"Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lyme disease is a vector-borne illness transmitted by infected\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks. Dissemination of the Lyme spirochete\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the tick bite site results in a bi-phasic infection; the latter phase can cause severe musculoskeletal disease including arthritis. Lyme arthritis is an inflammatory disorder and maladaptive immune response to\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and its cellular products. One such product, which has been implicated as a key mediator of Lyme arthritis, is peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan (PG) is a near ubiquitous feature of the bacterial cell envelope, but several chemical features make\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    PG distinct from other members of the kingdom. We hypothesized the overall chemical composition and structural architecture of the\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell wall are essential to Lyme disease pathogenesis. To manipulate the PG peptide chemical composition, as well as the native cross-links, we produced an isogenic deletion of a putative PG carboxypeptidase\n                    <jats:italic>dacA<\/jats:italic>\n                    homologue and assessed both the molecular and cellular phenotypes while probing the pathogenicity of our mutant strain. Our combined and comprehensive approach indicates while changes to PG stem peptide and cross-linking have virtually no discernable impact on any\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    characteristic in vitro, alterations have significant impacts on tissue tropism and result in a near complete attenuation of Lyme arthritis. PG sacculi containing increased amounts of free and cross-linked pentapeptide surprisingly caused the disassociation of p83\/100, an abundant periplasmic protein of unknown function previously implicated in joint tropism, likely contributing to a marked decrease in pathogenicity. These studies strengthen our understanding of the\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell envelope, its unusual components, and further define bacterial features that mediate infectious arthritis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T18:22:46Z","timestamp":1768933366000},"page":"e1013849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Peptidoglycan architecture dictates protein interactions, tissue tropism, and arthritis in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Saadman S.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamudiamen","family":"Ebohon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecaila E.","family":"McClune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca N.","family":"Trimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey N.","family":"Kellogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen J.","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram R.","family":"Z\u00fcckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-1031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Jutras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013849.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202731","article-title":"Estimating the Frequency of Lyme Disease Diagnoses, United States, 2010\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"K Kugeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013849.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666554","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.666554","article-title":"Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges","volume":"8","author":"JR Bobe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ppat.1013849.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1701","article-title":"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman\u2019s origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"3","author":"A Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013849.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0282-8","article-title":"Genomic insights into the ancient spread of Lyme disease across North America","volume":"1","author":"KS Walter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ppat.1013849.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16090","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"2","author":"AC Steere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ppat.1013849.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00057","article-title":"Post-treatment Lyme Disease as a Model for Persistent Symptoms in Lyme Disease","volume":"7","author":"AW Rebman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013849.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-725","article-title":"The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis","volume":"107","author":"AC Steere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1013849.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00648-5","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: linking infection, inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"RB Lochhead","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013849.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714","article-title":"Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes","volume":"10","author":"JD 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Lemieux","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"27","key":"ppat.1013849.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904170116","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi peptidoglycan is a persistent antigen in patients with Lyme arthritis","volume":"116","author":"BL Jutras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"795","key":"ppat.1013849.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr2955","article-title":"The peptidoglycan of Borrelia burgdorferi can persist in discrete tissues and cause systemic responses consistent with chronic illness","volume":"17","author":"ME McClune","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013849.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009546","article-title":"The peptidoglycan-associated protein NapA plays an important role in the envelope integrity and in the pathogenesis of the lyme disease 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